biostudies-literatureUnknown14Xiong MThe strobilurin fungicide pyraclostrobin is widely used to prevent and control the fungal diseases of various nectar and pollen plants. Honeybees also directly or indirectly contact this fungicide with a long-term exposure period. However, the effects of pyraclostrobin on the development and physiology of <i>Apis mellifera</i> larvae and pupae during continuous exposure have been rarely known. To investigate the effects of field-realistic concentrations of pyraclostrobin on honeybee survival and development, the 2-day-old larvae were continuously fed with different pyraclostrobin solutions (100 mg/L and 83.3 mg/L), and the expression of development-, nutrient-, and immune-related genes in larvae and pupae were examined. The results showed that two field-realistic concentrations of pyraclosFrontiers in physiology1137264https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9947242biostudies-literatureField recommended concentrations of pyraclostrobin exposure disturb the development and immune response of worker bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) larvae and pupae.PMC9947242Lou QHuang SLi JXiong MWang RZhou RQin GLuo XDuan XWang LfalseField recommended concentrations of pyraclostrobin exposure disturb the development and immune response of worker bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) larvae and pupae.The strobilurin fungicide pyraclostrobin is widely used to prevent and control the fungal diseases of various nectar and pollen plants. Honeybees also directly or indirectly contact this fungicide with a long-term exposure period. However, the effects of pyraclostrobin on the development and physiology of <i>Apis mellifera</i> larvae and pupae during continuous exposure have been rarely known. To investigate the effects of field-realistic concentrations of pyraclostrobin on honeybee survival and development, the 2-day-old larvae were continuously fed with different pyraclostrobin solutions (100 mg/L and 83.3 mg/L), and the expression of development-, nutrient-, and immune-related genes in larvae and pupae were examined. The results showed that two field-realistic concentrations of pyraclos2023-01-01T00:00:00Z20232025-04-04T09:48:27.828Z2024-11-05T18:11:37.95ZS-EPMC99472423684632810.3389/fphys.2023.1137264