biostudies-literatureTian HNational Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)11https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9971189biostudies-literatureUnknown11(1)Osteosarcoma, with poor survival after metastasis, is considered the most common primary bone cancer in adolescents. Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers, its five-year survival rate has only shown limited improvement, suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient to meet clinical needs. Notably, immunotherapy has shown certain advantages over traditional tumor treatments in inhibiting metastasis. Therefore, managing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma can provide novel and valuable insight into the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and progression of the disease. Additionally, given the advances in nanomedicine, there exist many advanced nanoplatforms for enhanced osteosarcoma immunotherapy with satisfactory physiochemical characteristicBone researchManaging the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment.PMC99711898182100281790251Huang CNice ECTian HCao JZhang YMao HLi BfalseManaging the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment.Osteosarcoma, with poor survival after metastasis, is considered the most common primary bone cancer in adolescents. Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers, its five-year survival rate has only shown limited improvement, suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient to meet clinical needs. Notably, immunotherapy has shown certain advantages over traditional tumor treatments in inhibiting metastasis. Therefore, managing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma can provide novel and valuable insight into the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and progression of the disease. Additionally, given the advances in nanomedicine, there exist many advanced nanoplatforms for enhanced osteosarcoma immunotherapy with satisfactory physiochemical characteristic2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Feb2025-04-19T02:42:47.321Z2025-04-07T13:01:35.734ZS-EPMC99711893684944210.1038/s41413-023-00246-z