biostudies-literatureVivax Sporozoite ConsortiumARCNIAID NIH HHSAustralian Government National Health and Medical Research Council Independent Research Institute Infrastructure Support SchemeNational Institute of HealthNHMRCVictorian State Government Operational Infrastructure SupportBill and Melinda Gates FoundationIan Potter Foundation501-513https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9973533biostudies-literatureUnknown49(7)Plasmodium vivax is the key obstacle to malaria elimination in Asia and Latin America, largely attributed to its ability to form resilient hypnozoites (sleeper cells) in the host liver that escape treatment and cause relapsing infections. The decision to form hypnozoites is made early in the liver infection and may already be set in sporozoites prior to invasion. To better understand these early stages of infection, we undertook a comprehensive transcriptomic and histone epigenetic characterization of P. vivax sporozoites. Through comparisons with recently published proteomic data for the P. vivax sporozoite, our study found that although highly transcribed, transcripts associated with functions needed for early infection of the vertebrate host are not detectable as proteins and may be regInternational journal for parasitologyTranscriptome and histone epigenome of Plasmodium vivax salivary-gland sporozoites point to tight regulatory control and mechanisms for liver-stage differentiation in relapsing malaria.PMC997353310927891043345K25 AI119229APP1021544Koepfli CEmery-Corbin SJSwearingen KELindner SCharnaud SFlannery ELSmith JVivax Sporozoite ConsortiumPatrapuvich RMerrienne NKappe SHILerch AJex ARAnsell BPetter MMikolajczak SADuffy MFMuller ISattabongkot JMoritz RLChuenchob VfalseTranscriptome and histone epigenome of Plasmodium vivax salivary-gland sporozoites point to tight regulatory control and mechanisms for liver-stage differentiation in relapsing malaria.Plasmodium vivax is the key obstacle to malaria elimination in Asia and Latin America, largely attributed to its ability to form resilient hypnozoites (sleeper cells) in the host liver that escape treatment and cause relapsing infections. The decision to form hypnozoites is made early in the liver infection and may already be set in sporozoites prior to invasion. To better understand these early stages of infection, we undertook a comprehensive transcriptomic and histone epigenetic characterization of P. vivax sporozoites. Through comparisons with recently published proteomic data for the P. vivax sporozoite, our study found that although highly transcribed, transcripts associated with functions needed for early infection of the vertebrate host are not detectable as proteins and may be reg2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Jun2026-05-28T17:57:55.733Z2025-04-04T14:30:00.904ZS-EPMC99735333107131910.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.007