GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE115nnn/GSE115161/primaryOK2000000Genomics Homo sapiensSaccharomyces cerevisiae Caenorhabditis elegansOtherhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE115161GEOGSE0falseRegulation of Translation Elongation Revealed by Ribosome Profiling [Dataset_4]Ribosomes undergo substantial conformational changes during translation elongation to accommodate incoming aminoacyl-tRNAs and translocate along the mRNA template. We used multiple elongation inhibitors and chemical probing to define ribosome conformational states corresponding to different sized ribosome-protected mRNA fragments (RPFs) generated by ribosome profiling. We show using various genetic and environmental perturbations that the previously identified 20-22 nucleotide (nt) RPFs correspond predominantly to ribosomes in a pre-accommodation state with an open 40S ribosomal A site while the classical 27-29 nt fragments correspond to ribosomes in a pre-translocation state with an occupied 40S ribosomal A site. These distinct ribosome conformational states revealed by ribosome profiling are seen in all eukaryotes tested including fungi, worms and mammals. This high-resolution ribosome profiling approach reveals the anticipated Rck2-dependent inhibition of translocation through eEF2 phosphorylation during hyperosmotic stress. These same approaches reveal a strong translation elongation arrest during oxidative stress where the ribosomes are trapped in a pre-translocation state, but in this case the translational arrest is independent of Rck2-driven eEF2 phosphorylation. These results provide new insights and approaches for defining the molecular events that impact translation elongation throughout biology.2019/01/27GSE115161GSM3168404GSM3168403GSM3168402GSM3168401GSM3442057GSM3168389GSM3168400GSM3442058GSM3168388GSM3442055GSM3168387GSM3442056GSM3168409GSM3168408GSM3168407GSM3168406GSM3168405GSM3442054GSM3168410GSM3168399GSM3168397GSM3168396GSM3168395GSM3168394GSM3168393GSM3168392GSM3168391GSM3168390182451679117342SRP149446115161 Homo sapiensSaccharomyces cerevisiae Caenorhabditis elegans[31858614]