GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE296nnn/GSE296755/primaryOK200Methylation profilingMus musculusMethylation profiling by genome tiling arrayhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE296755GEOGSEfalsePrebiotic Intake during Pregnancy Mitigates Long-Term Antibiotic Disturbances in the Gut-Breast Axis and Regulates Mammary Gland DevelopmentThe mammary gland undergoes critical remodeling during pregnancy, making it vulnerable to environmental influences such as antibiotics. This study investigates the long-term effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to low-dose penicillin (LDP) on immune responses and mammary gland development in mice, along with the potential protective role of the prebiotic AHCC. Pregnant dams were treated with LDP and/or AHCC from late gestation to weaning. Immune markers and blood-milk barrier integrity were assessed in dams, while offspring were evaluated for immune profiles, mammary gland morphology, and epigenetic alterations. LDP exposure triggered inflammation and disrupted DNA methylation in key regulatory genes and microRNAs related to mammary development and the ERK/MAPK pathway. AHCC mitigated these effects, supporting its immunomodulatory and protective potential. These findings highlight the impact of early-life antibiotic exposure on breast tissue development and the possible role of prebiotics in preserving long-term mammary gland homeostasis.2026/05/01GSE296755GSM8975956GSM8975945GSM8975957GSM8975946GSM8975954GSM8975955GSM8975944GSM8975949GSM8975958GSM8975947GSM8975959GSM8975948GSM8975952GSM8975953GSM8975950GSM897595131191296755Mus musculus