{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE307nnn/GSE307184/"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCodeValue":200,"statusCode":"OK"}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Transcriptomics"],"species":["Macaca mulatta"],"gds_type":["Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE307184"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Single-cell, multi-region profiling of the macaque brain across the lifespan","description":"Brain aging is a complex process with profound health and societal consequences. However, the molecular and cellular pathways that govern its temporal progression—along with cell type-, region-, and sex-specific heterogeneity—remain poorly defined. Here, we present a transcriptomic atlas of 5.3 million cells from 582 samples spanning 11 brain regions of 55 rhesus macaques (29 female, 26 male), aged 5 months (early life) to 21 years (late adulthood). We annotate 12 major cell classes and 226 subclusters, including region-specific subtypes of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. We identify a vulnerable excitatory neuron population in the superficial cortical lamina that is less abundant later in life, along with subtle, region-specific, age-associated compositional differences in subpopulations of microglia and oligodendrocytes, whose detection required single cell resolution. Finally, we chart convergent and divergent age-associated molecular signatures—some sex-specific—across brain regions and cell types. This work provides a temporal, regional, and sex-stratified atlas of the aging primate brain, offering insights into cell type-specific vulnerabilities and regional heterogeneity with translational human 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