GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE307nnn/GSE307184/primaryOK200TranscriptomicsMacaca mulattaExpression profiling by high throughput sequencinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE307184GEOGSEfalseSingle-cell, multi-region profiling of the macaque brain across the lifespanBrain aging is a complex process with profound health and societal consequences. However, the molecular and cellular pathways that govern its temporal progression—along with cell type-, region-, and sex-specific heterogeneity—remain poorly defined. Here, we present a transcriptomic atlas of 5.3 million cells from 582 samples spanning 11 brain regions of 55 rhesus macaques (29 female, 26 male), aged 5 months (early life) to 21 years (late adulthood). We annotate 12 major cell classes and 226 subclusters, including region-specific subtypes of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal cells. We identify a vulnerable excitatory neuron population in the superficial cortical lamina that is less abundant later in life, along with subtle, region-specific, age-associated compositional differences in subpopulations of microglia and oligodendrocytes, whose detection required single cell resolution. Finally, we chart convergent and divergent age-associated molecular signatures—some sex-specific—across brain regions and cell types. This work provides a temporal, regional, and sex-stratified atlas of the aging primate brain, offering insights into cell type-specific vulnerabilities and regional heterogeneity with translational human relevance.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mulatta[41279774]