{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE307nnn/GSE307781/"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCode":"OK","statusCodeValue":200}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Other"],"species":["Homo sapiens"],"gds_type":["Other"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE307781"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"T follicular helper 1 cells in blood potentially mirror salivary gland-infiltrating T cells in Sjögren’s disease","description":"Understanding the intricate relationship between peripheral blood immune profiles and the inflammatory environment within affected tissues is pivotal for uncovering mechanisms driving autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to characterize CD4+ T cell subsets in peripheral blood that mirror the inflammatory milieu of labial salivary glands (LSG) in primary Sjögren’s disease (pSjD). Using multicolor flow cytometry and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, we identified CXCR3+CXCR5+ T follicular helper 1 (Tfh1) cells as significantly elevated in the circulation of pSjD patients and even more prominently increased in the LSG, with blood PD-1+ICOS+ Tfh1 cells positively correlating with titers of antinuclear, anti-SS-A, and anti-SS-B antibodies. In contrast, CXCR3+CXCR5− Th1 cells were enriched in LSG but reduced in circulation. TCR analysis demonstrated that circulating Tfh1 cells shared extensive clonal similarity with LSG T cells. In the LSG, cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, and TGF-β were upregulated, with TGF-β and TCR recognition promoting Tfh1 differentiation. This microenvironment led to increased production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-21, promoting the expansion of CD19+CD38+ B cells. These findings underscore circulating Tfh1 cells as reflections of glandular inflammation and highlight TGF-β as a key driver of Tfh1 differentiation, presenting a potential therapeutic target.","dates":{"publication":"2026/07/02"},"accession":"GSE307781","cross_references":{"GSM":["GSM9231271","GSM9231260","GSM9231272","GSM9231261","GSM9231262","GSM9231263","GSM9231270","GSM9231268","GSM9231269","GSM9231259","GSM9231264","GSM9231265","GSM9231266","GSM9231267"],"GPL":["24676"],"GSE":["307781"],"taxon":["Homo sapiens"],"PMID":["[40604050]"]}}