GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE310nnn/GSE310449/primaryOK200OtherFundulus heteroclitusOtherhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE310449GEOGSEfalseLooking up: eye remodeling supports aerial vision in the four-eyed fish Anableps anablepsThe four-eyed fish Anableps anableps exhibits a unique visual system adapted for simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision, making it an exceptional model for investigating evolutionary innovations in vertebrate eye development. This dual vision capability is supported by specialized adaptations to the eye, including a thicker dorsal (aerial) cornea and asymmetric expression of visual opsins: opn1mw1 in the ventral retina, and opn1lw1 in the dorsal retina. To investigate the molecular and spatial basis of this asymmetry, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) of the retina in combination with spatial transcriptomics of the whole eye. Our findings reveal that the asymmetric opsin distribution results from a developmental expansion of the ventral retina, which is adapted for detecting aerial light, alongside a reduction in the dorsal retinal domain responsible for aquatic vision. These results highlight a novel mechanism of regional specialization in the vertebrate retina and provide insights into the evolutionary innovations in the vertebrate visual system.2026/04/08GSE310449GSM930146536326310449Fundulus heteroclitus