{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Bed":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_T.pyriformis.RNAseq.exon.featurecounts.bed.gz"],"Bigwig":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_T.pyriformis.ATACseq.RPKM.bigwig"],"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.12hpm.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.log.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.3hpm.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.1.5hpm.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_Tp.MC.log.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.Refeed.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_HiC.tt.log.fa.dsg.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.8hpm.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_HiC.tt.log.fa.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.star20.combined.mcool","ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE314nnn/GSE314518/suppl/GSE314518_MC.tt.24hpm.combined.mcool"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCodeValue":200,"statusCode":"OK"}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Transcriptomics"],"species":[" Tetrahymena thermophila","Tetrahymena pyriformis"],"gds_type":[" Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing"," Other","Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE314518"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Chromatin ends and promoter loops organize chromosome-sized domains in Tetrahymena","description":"Three-dimensional genome architecture shapes how regulatory elements controls gene expression, yet how compact unicellular genomes are folded is poorly understood. Ciliates such as Tetrahymena thermophila carry a fragmented, gene-dense somatic macronucleus (MAC) and a silent germline micronucleus (MIC), imposing distinct constraints on chromosome folding. Here we combine nucleosome-resolution Micro-C, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to map 3D chromatin organization across Tetrahymena life cycle stages and in the related ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. We find that MAC chromosomes lack strong mammalian-style compartments and TADs but behave as short interaction units whose telomere-capped ends form accessible, strongly interacting hubs. Within these units, chromatin loops concentrate at promoter-proximal open chromatin and are closely associated with transcription level. During conjugation, long-range internal loops and promoter–promoter contacts are transiently weakened and then rebuilt, while end–end interactions persist. Similar promoter- and end-anchored folding in T. pyriformis points to a conserved ciliate strategy for organizing gene-rich genomes in three dimensions.","dates":{"publication":"2026/07/02"},"accession":"GSE314518","cross_references":{"GSM":["GSM9400230","GSM9400212","GSM9400211","GSM9400210","GSM9400216","GSM9400215","GSM9400214","GSM9400213","GSM9400219","GSM9400218","GSM9400217","GSM9400223","GSM9400222","GSM9400221","GSM9400220","GSM9400205","GSM9400227","GSM9400204","GSM9400226","GSM9400225","GSM9400224","GSM9400209","GSM9400208","GSM9400229","GSM9400207","GSM9400206","GSM9400228"],"GPL":["36444","35705"],"GSE":["314518"],"taxon":[" Tetrahymena thermophila","Tetrahymena pyriformis"]}}