GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE318nnn/GSE318014/primaryOK200TranscriptomicsHomo sapiensExpression profiling by high throughput sequencinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE318014GEOGSEfalseCX3CL1 (fractalkine)-CX3CR1 Interface Drives CD8⁺ T Cell-Induced Neurodegeneration in Human Brain OrganoidsImmune-neuron interactions play a critical role in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but how CD8⁺ T cells contribute to brain pathology remains poorly understood. Amyloid-β (Aβ), a hallmark of AD, is known to trigger neuronal stress and inflammation. Here, we established a human cortical organoid (hCO) model to investigate CD8⁺ T cell responses to Aβ-induced neurodegenerative stress. Aβ exposure increased neuronal expression of CX3CL1 (fractalkine), which engages its receptor CX3CR1 on CD8⁺ T cells. Transwell migration assays showed enhanced recruitment of CX3CR1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells toward Aβ-treated hCOs. In parallel, Aβ upregulated IL-15 expression, a cytokine that supports CD8⁺ T cell activation. The infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells led to neuronal injury, marked by MAP2 loss and cleaved Caspase-3 activation, accompanied by an increase in gene signatures for cell death and inflammation. Exposure to the conditioned medium of activated CX3CR1high CD8⁺ T cell recapitulated this damage, and the neutralization of CD8+ T cell cytokines and cytotoxic molecules rescued the phenotype. These findings identify the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis and CD8⁺ T cell effector programs as drivers of neurotoxicity and establish brain organoids as a platform to study immune-driven neurodegeneration.2026/09/18GSE318014GSM9484519GSM9484529GSM9484526GSM9484525GSM9484528GSM9484527GSM9484521GSM9484524GSM9484523GSM9484531GSM948453020301318014Homo sapiens