{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE320nnn/GSE320554/"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCodeValue":200,"statusCode":"OK"}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Transcriptomics"],"species":["Homo sapiens"],"gds_type":["Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE320554"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"A comparative multiomic atlas of human immunity to multiple COVID-19 vaccines","description":"The rapid development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines, based on mRNA, recombinant adenoviral vectors and adjuvanted proteins, was critical to curtailing the global pandemic, and created a unique opportunity to compare human immunity to distinct vaccine platforms encoding the same antigen. Here, we present a longitudinal comparative analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses to the Matrix-M-adjuvanted Novavax (NX) and chimpanzee adenovirus-based AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccines in 161 healthy South African volunteers across three doses over a 11-month period collected between 2021 and 2022. Prime-boost NX vaccination (~3 weeks apart) elicited significantly stronger binding and neutralizing antibody responses than two AZ vaccine doses administered ~8 weeks apart. A NX booster administered 6–8 months later further increased the antibody titers that persisted for atleast 6 months. Both vaccines stimulated innate antiviral and inflammatory gene expression signatures within two days of vaccination. However, the strongest responses were after AZ priming and NX boosting, coinciding with plasma IFN-a and IFN-g induction, respectively, demonstrating distinct innate immune mechanisms induced by each vaccine. Transcriptional signatures of plasmablast responses that predict the magnitude of antibody responses were significantly induced 7 days after the second and booster but not primary NX vaccination, whereas these responses appeared after primary but not secondary AZ vaccination. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a multicellular origin of the innate transcriptional responses. Finally, a meta-analysis integrating immune responses induced by NX and AZ with those induced by the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine demonstrated shared interferon-related signatures across all three platforms, while genes expression following mRNA vaccination was uniquely enriched in reactome pathways related to mRNA splicing, ubiquitination and proteasome processing, and class I mediated antigen presentation. Collectively, these data provide a comprehensive multiomic atlas of human immunity across three different COVID-19 vaccine platforms.","dates":{"publication":"2026/08/13"},"accession":"GSE320554","cross_references":{"GSM":["GSM9545561","GSM9545440","GSM9545562","GSM9545441","GSM9545320","GSM9545560","GSM9545565","GSM9545444","GSM9545323","GSM9545445","GSM9545324","GSM9545566","GSM9545563","GSM9545442","GSM9545321","GSM9545322","GSM9545564","GSM9545443","GSM9545448","GSM9545327","GSM9545569","GSM9545328","GSM9545449","GSM9545325","GSM9545567","GSM9545446","GSM9545568","GSM9545447","GSM9545326","GSM9545329","GSM9545550","GSM9545551","GSM9545430","GSM9545554","GSM9545433","GSM9545312","GSM9545434","GSM9545313","GSM9545555","GSM9545431","GSM9545310","GSM9545552","GSM9545311","GSM9545553","GSM9545432","GSM9545437","GSM9545316","GSM9545558","GSM9545559","GSM9545438","GSM9545317","GSM9545314","GSM9545556","GSM9545435","GSM9545557","GSM9545436","GSM9545315","GSM9545439","GSM9545318","GSM9545319","GSM9545660","GSM9545540","GSM9545661","GSM9545543","GSM9545422","GSM9545301","GSM9545302","GSM9545544","GSM9545423","GSM9545662","GSM9545541","GSM9545420","GSM9545542","GSM9545421","GSM9545300","GSM9545305","GSM9545547","GSM9545426","GSM9545548","GSM9545427","GSM9545306","GSM9545545","GSM9545424","GSM9545303","GSM9545425","GSM9545304","GSM9545546","GSM9545309","GSM9545428","GSM9545307","GSM9545549","GSM9545308","GSM9545429","GSM9545650","GSM9545411","GSM9545653","GSM9545532","GSM9545654","GSM9545533","GSM9545412","GSM9545651","GSM9545530","GSM9545531","GSM9545410","GSM9545652","GSM9545657","GSM9545536","GSM9545415","GSM9545537","GSM9545416","GSM9545658","GSM9545534","GSM9545413","GSM9545655","GSM9545414","GSM9545656","GSM9545535","GSM9545419","GSM9545417","GSM9545659","GSM9545538","GSM9545539","GSM9545418","GSM9545642","GSM9545521","GSM9545400","GSM9545643","GSM9545522","GSM9545401","GSM9545640","GSM9545520","GSM9545641","GSM9545646","GSM9545525","GSM9545404","GSM9545405","GSM9545647","GSM9545526","GSM9545523","GSM9545402","GSM9545644","GSM9545645","GSM9545524","GSM9545403","GSM9545408","GSM9545529","GSM9545409","GSM9545648","GSM9545527","GSM9545406","GSM9545528","GSM9545407","GSM9545649","GSM9545631","GSM9545510","GSM9545511","GSM9545632","GSM9545630","GSM9545514","GSM9545635","GSM9545636","GSM9545515","GSM9545633","GSM9545512","GSM9545634","GSM9545513","GSM9545639","GSM9545518","GSM9545519","GSM9545637","GSM9545516","GSM9545517","GSM9545638","GSM9545509","GSM9545620","GSM9545500","GSM9545621","GSM9545624","GSM9545503","GSM9545625","GSM9545504","GSM9545622","GSM9545501","GSM9545623","GSM9545502","GSM9545628","GSM9545507","GSM9545508","GSM9545629","GSM9545626","GSM9545505","GSM9545627","GSM9545506","GSM9545619","GSM9545297","GSM9545298","GSM9545295","GSM9545296","GSM9545610","GSM9545299","GSM9545613","GSM9545614","GSM9545611","GSM9545612","GSM9545617","GSM9545618","GSM9545615","GSM9545616","GSM9545608","GSM9545609","GSM9545602","GSM9545603","GSM9545600","GSM9545601","GSM9545606","GSM9545607","GSM9545604","GSM9545605","GSM9545396","GSM9545397","GSM9545394","GSM9545395","GSM9545398","GSM9545399","GSM9545392","GSM9545393","GSM9545390","GSM9545391","GSM9545385","GSM9545386","GSM9545383","GSM9545384","GSM9545389","GSM9545387","GSM9545388","GSM9545381","GSM9545382","GSM9545380","GSM9545374","GSM9545495","GSM9545496","GSM9545375","GSM9545493","GSM9545372","GSM9545494","GSM9545373","GSM9545499","GSM9545378","GSM9545379","GSM9545497","GSM9545376","GSM9545377","GSM9545498","GSM9545491","GSM9545370","GSM9545371","GSM9545492","GSM9545490","GSM9545484","GSM9545363","GSM9545485","GSM9545364","GSM9545482","GSM9545361","GSM9545362","GSM9545483","GSM9545488","GSM9545367","GSM9545368","GSM9545489","GSM9545365","GSM9545486","GSM9545487","GSM9545366","GSM9545369","GSM9545480","GSM9545481","GSM9545360","GSM9545594","GSM9545473","GSM9545352","GSM9545474","GSM9545353","GSM9545595","GSM9545471","GSM9545350","GSM9545592","GSM9545351","GSM9545593","GSM9545472","GSM9545477","GSM9545356","GSM9545598","GSM9545599","GSM9545478","GSM9545357","GSM9545354","GSM9545596","GSM9545475","GSM9545597","GSM9545476","GSM9545355","GSM9545479","GSM9545358","GSM9545359","GSM9545590","GSM9545591","GSM9545470","GSM9545583","GSM9545462","GSM9545341","GSM9545342","GSM9545584","GSM9545463","GSM9545460","GSM9545581","GSM9545582","GSM9545461","GSM9545340","GSM9545345","GSM9545587","GSM9545466","GSM9545588","GSM9545467","GSM9545346","GSM9545585","GSM9545464","GSM9545343","GSM9545465","GSM9545344","GSM9545586","GSM9545349","GSM9545468","GSM9545347","GSM9545589","GSM9545348","GSM9545469","GSM9545580","GSM9545451","GSM9545330","GSM9545572","GSM9545331","GSM9545573","GSM9545452","GSM9545570","GSM9545571","GSM9545450","GSM9545334","GSM9545576","GSM9545455","GSM9545577","GSM9545456","GSM9545335","GSM9545574","GSM9545453","GSM9545332","GSM9545454","GSM9545333","GSM9545575","GSM9545459","GSM9545338","GSM9545339","GSM9545457","GSM9545336","GSM9545578","GSM9545579","GSM9545458","GSM9545337"],"GPL":["24676"],"GSE":["320554"],"taxon":["Homo sapiens"]}}