{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE324nnn/GSE324158/"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCode":"OK","statusCodeValue":200}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Other"],"species":["Macaca fascicularis"],"gds_type":[" Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing"," Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing","Other"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE324158"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Single-cell multi-omic and spatial landscape of primate pineal gland reveals circadian and melatonin regulatory architecture","description":"The mammalian pineal gland maintains circadian rhythms and homeostasis by secreting melatonin. However, the lack of a cell-resolved regulatory map limits our understanding of how these neuroendocrine functions are orchestrated in primates. Here, we constructed a multi-omics atlas of the Macaca fascicularis pineal gland by integrating snRNA-seq, snATAC-seq, and spatial transcriptomics. We identified pinealocytes as the predominant cell type, alongside six glial and vascular lineages. Chromatin accessibility analysis delineated cell-type-specific regions enriched for melatonin synthesis and phototransduction genes. Notably, we resolved a dual-layer regulatory architecture: while melatonin synthesis programs are robustly organized, circadian clock regulators exhibit a distinct, sparse spatial pattern. Co-expression networks further identified core modules and regulatory hubs—including CRX/OTX2, LHX4, and RORA—that integrate these circadian and light-responsive signals. Cell-cell communication analysis identified signaling axes, such as PTN-ALK/SDC2, RA-RORB, and NRG1-ERBB4, that potentially coordinate this spatial functional organization. Integrating genetic traits showed that sleep and neuropsychiatric risk variants preferentially map to these pineal regulatory modules. Specifically, sleep-associated loci converged on MEIS1-linked elements, while bipolar disorder-associated loci highlighted candidate genes RDH12 and SDK2. Overall, this study reveals the cellular diversity and spatial regulatory logic of the primate pineal gland, providing a foundation for investigating circadian and neuroendocrine regulation in health and disease.","dates":{"publication":"2026/04/23"},"accession":"GSE324158","cross_references":{"GSM":["GSM9570177","GSM9570178","GSM9570179","GSM9570180"],"GPL":["34842","28212"],"GSE":["324158"],"taxon":["Macaca fascicularis"]}}