GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE327nnn/GSE327243/primaryOK200TranscriptomicsHomo sapiensExpression profiling by high throughput sequencinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE327243GEOGSEfalseA CSF Disease-Associated Macrophage Signature defines Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [Frozen]Objective: Progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) often corresponds to irreversible disability in MS patients. Cellular changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have provided biomarkers and mechanisms in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) but remain understudied in primary and secondary progressive MS (summarized herein as PMS). Methods: We combined retrospective flow cytometry of CSF cells from RRMS (n = 169), PMS (n = 56), and non-inflammatory controls (n = 74) with prospective CSF single-cell transcriptomics of 35 individuals (11 controls, 12 RRMS, and 12 PMS) and with confirmatory CSF ELISA. Available CSF single cell data from age-matched and Alzheimer’s disease served as additional controls. Results: Proportions of CD14+ monocytes in CSF are increased in PMS and correlated with clinical surrogate markers of progression. Transcriptionally, these monocytes resembled border-associated macrophages (BAM)-like cells with a chronically activated antigen-presenting phenotype. Additionally, these monocytes shared some features with disease-associated microglia/macrophages (DAM), previously identified in neurodegeneration. Induction of DAM-associated molecules, including transcribed and soluble TREM2, was unique to SPMS and supported its differential diagnosis. Interpretation: We thus identified MS stage-specific CSF signatures and shared cellular features of degeneration detectable in CSF of PMS patients.2026/05/17GSE327243GSM9652000GSM9652001GSM9652002GSM9651991GSM9651995GSM9652007GSM9652008GSM9651994GSM9652009GSM9651993GSM9651992GSM9652003GSM9651999GSM9651998GSM9652004GSM9652005GSM9651997GSM9652006GSM9651996GSM9652010GSM9652011GSM9652012GSM9652013GSM9652014GSM965201530173327243Homo sapiens[42129775]