{"database":"GEO","file_versions":[{"headers":{"Content-Type":["application/json"]},"body":{"files":{"Other":["ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE328nnn/GSE328264/"]},"type":"primary"},"statusCode":"OK","statusCodeValue":200}],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Transcriptomics"],"species":["Homo sapiens"],"gds_type":["Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE328264"],"repository":["GEO"],"entry_type":["GSE"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"A CSF Disease-Associated Macrophage Signature defines Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [Fresh]","description":"Objective: Progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) often corresponds to irreversible disability in MS patients. Cellular changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have provided biomarkers and mechanisms in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) but remain understudied in primary and secondary progressive MS (summarized herein as PMS). Methods: We combined retrospective flow cytometry of CSF cells from RRMS (n = 169), PMS (n = 56), and non-inflammatory controls (n = 74) with prospective CSF single-cell transcriptomics of 35 individuals (11 controls, 12 RRMS, and 12 PMS) and with confirmatory CSF ELISA. Available CSF single cell data from age-matched and Alzheimer’s disease served as additional controls. Results: Proportions of CD14+ monocytes in CSF are increased in PMS and correlated with clinical surrogate markers of progression. Transcriptionally, these monocytes resembled border-associated macrophages (BAM)-like cells with a chronically activated antigen-presenting phenotype. Additionally, these monocytes shared some features with disease-associated microglia/macrophages (DAM), previously identified in neurodegeneration. Induction of DAM-associated molecules, including transcribed and soluble TREM2, was unique to SPMS and supported its differential diagnosis. Interpretation: We thus identified MS stage-specific CSF signatures and shared cellular features of degeneration detectable in CSF of PMS patients.","dates":{"publication":"2026/05/17"},"accession":"GSE328264","cross_references":{"GSM":["GSM9677400","GSM9677401","GSM9677404","GSM9677405","GSM9677402","GSM9677403"],"GPL":["30173"],"GSE":["328264"],"taxon":["Homo sapiens"],"PMID":["[42129775]"]}}