GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE329nnn/GSE329513/primaryOK200TranscriptomicsHomo sapiensExpression profiling by high throughput sequencinghttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE329513GEOGSEfalseSingle-cell analysis reveals epithelial alarmin-associated immune architecture in pediatric refractory and rhinovirus-positive asthmaBackground: Asthma in children is increasingly recognized as biologically distinct from adult disease, yet the cellular organization underlying refractory asthma and virus-associated exacerbation remains poorly defined. In particular, how chronic airway remodeling and acute viral responses are integrated within the pediatric airway microenvironment is not well understood. Methods:Children with asthma were classified into refractory asthma (defined according to Global Initiative for Asthma criteria) and rhinovirus-positive asthma (defined by qPCR-confirmed rhinovirus infection). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from children with refractory asthma (n = 5), rhinovirus-positive asthma (n = 4) and healthy controls (n = 6) were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing, followed by integrative bioinformatic analysis and cross-age comparison with adult asthma datasets. Controls were obtained from individuals undergoing bronchoscopy for non-inflammatory indications and lacked a history of atopy or airway inflammatory disease. Results: Pediatric refractory asthma showed increased epithelial cell representation, elevated epithelial alarmin–related gene expression, enhanced chemokine and interferon-stimulated gene signatures, and increased expression of remodeling-associated genes. Cell–cell communication analysis identified enhanced macrophage-to-epithelium signaling mediated through FN1–CD44/αVβ integrin interactions. Rhinovirus-positive asthma exhibited a more pronounced inflammatory profile, characterized by increased T-cell abundance, enhanced chemokine and interferon responses, and strengthened CTL–macrophage communication via the CCL5–CCR1 axis. Cross-age comparison indicated relatively higher epithelial alarmin–associated features in pediatric asthma and stronger chemokine-associated signatures in adult asthma.2026/09/23GSE329513GSM9705340GSM9705333GSM9705343GSM9705332GSM9705342GSM9705331GSM9705330GSM9705341GSM9705337GSM9705336GSM9705335GSM9705334GSM9705329GSM9705339GSM9705328GSM970533824676329513Homo sapiens[42750287]