GEOapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE331nnn/GSE331479/primaryOK200Methylation profilingMus musculus Rattus norvegicus Phyllostomus hastatus Homo sapiensMethylation profiling by genome tiling arrayhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE331479GEOGSEfalseMale-biased immune ageing in a polygynous batBats have attracted considerable interest for their extraordinary longevity and ability to withstand infection by a range of pathogens without major harm. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these two characteristics, or the extent to which they vary between individuals of the same species. We investigated sources of immune variation in wild greater spear-nosed bats, Phyllostomus hastatus, via transcriptome sequencing of blood samples before and after ex vivo exposure to lipopolysaccharide, a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria. We estimated bat ages from a combination of banding records and a methylation clock. We assessed immune variation across both sexes, males of contrasting social status, and the full range of ages in each sex. We observe striking immune variation associated with sex and age, with males and older bats mounting stronger inflammatory responses. These two factors interacted significantly, revealing male-biased slopes of age-related variation in immunity, the magnitude of which is consistent with male-biased ageing, supporting the predicted association between immunity and ageing.2026/05/21GSE331479GSM9746427GSM9746428GSM9746429GSM9746423GSM9746424GSM9746425GSM9746426GSM9746420GSM9746421GSM9746389GSM9746422GSM9746438GSM9746439GSM9746434GSM9746435GSM9746436GSM9746437GSM9746430GSM9746397GSM9746398GSM9746431GSM9746432GSM9746399GSM9746433GSM9746393GSM9746394GSM9746395GSM9746396GSM9746390GSM9746391GSM9746392GSM9746409GSM9746405GSM9746526GSM9746406GSM9746407GSM9746408GSM9746401GSM9746522GSM9746489GSM9746402GSM9746523GSM9746524GSM9746403GSM9746404GSM9746525GSM9746485GSM9746486GSM9746487GSM9746520GSM9746521GSM9746488GSM9746400GSM9746481GSM9746482GSM9746483GSM9746484GSM9746480GSM9746416GSM9746417GSM9746418GSM9746419GSM9746412GSM9746413GSM9746414GSM9746415GSM9746496GSM9746497GSM9746498GSM9746410GSM9746499GSM9746411GSM9746492GSM9746493GSM9746494GSM9746495GSM9746490GSM9746491GSM9746508GSM9746509GSM9746504GSM9746505GSM9746506GSM9746507GSM9746467GSM9746500GSM9746501GSM9746468GSM9746469GSM9746502GSM9746503GSM9746463GSM9746464GSM9746465GSM9746466GSM9746460GSM9746461GSM9746462GSM9746519GSM9746515GSM9746516GSM9746517GSM9746518GSM9746478GSM9746511GSM9746512GSM9746479GSM9746513GSM9746514GSM9746474GSM9746475GSM9746476GSM9746510GSM9746477GSM9746470GSM9746471GSM9746472GSM9746473GSM9746449GSM9746445GSM9746446GSM9746447GSM9746448GSM9746441GSM9746442GSM9746443GSM9746444GSM9746440GSM9746456GSM9746457GSM9746458GSM9746459GSM9746452GSM9746453GSM9746454GSM9746455GSM9746450GSM974645128271331479Mus musculus Rattus norvegicus Phyllostomus hastatus Homo sapiens