iProXProteomicsYouhe GaoRattus Norvegicushttp://www.iprox.org/page/project.html?id=IPX0010695000gaoyouhe@bnu.edu.cnBeijing Normal UniversityiProXMetformin is the first-line medication for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, with more than 200 million patients taking it daily. Its effects are extensive and play a positive role in multiple areas. Can its effects and potential mechanisms be explored through the urine proteome? In this study, 166 differential proteins were identified following the administration of 150 mg/(kg·d) of metformin to rats for five consecutive days. These included complement component C6, pyruvate kinase, coagulation factor X, growth differentiation factor 15, carboxypeptidase A4, chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1, and L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain. Several of these proteins have been reported to be directly affected by metformin or associated with its effects. Multiple biological pathways enriched by these differential proteins, or proteins containing differentially modified peptides, have been reported to be associated with metformin, such as the glutathione metabolic process, negative regulation of gluconeogenesis, and the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, some significantly changed proteins and enriched biological pathways, not yet reported to be associated with metformin's effects, may provide clues for exploring its potential mechanisms. In conclusion, the application of the urine proteome offers a comprehensive and systematic approach to exploring the effects of drugs, providing a new perspective on the study of metformin's mechanisms.Exploring the Effects of Metformin on the Body via the Urine Proteome.Chen Yuzhen Y, Wang Haitong H, Yang Minhui M, Shen Ziyun Z, Gao Youhe YLA-6023, dimethyldiguanide, urinary levels, whole organism, N-dimethylbiguanide, body, Metformin Hydrochloride, N, metformina, HCl, N-dimethylguanylguanidine, total expressed protein, 1-dimethylbiguanide, N-dimethyldiguanide, whole body, N(1), Dimethylbiguanidine, N(1)-dimethylbiguanide, Dimethylguanylguanidine, LA 6023, N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide, N-dimethyl-, metformin, urinary aspects, metformine, Koerper, Proteomes., Hydrochloride, Metformin HCl, 1, Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, animal, Metformin, metforminum, dimethylbiguanide, GlucophageAdult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Type 2, type 2, LA-6023, Rat, dimethyldiguanide, Product, Laboratory, Stuart-Prower Factor, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone, Norway Rat, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Technic, diabetes mellitus type 2, Norway Rats, Glucophage., Factor 10, Polypeptides, Techniques, rat, peptido, Roles, Biological, Pharmaceutical Product, 1, Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Concepts, Maturity Onset Diabetes, Norway rat, Biological Product, Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, Slow Onset, Ldh3, Biologic Drugs, peptides, Natural, carboxypeptidase A3, N, Administrative, C6, Pyruvate Kinase L, Biological Drugs, Dimethylbiguanidine, Supervision, NIDDM, Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes Mellitus, Laboratory Rat, N(1)-dimethylbiguanide, Noninsulin-Dependent, Diabetes mellitus, L-Type Pyruvate Kinase, Biological Medicine, metformin, L-Type, urinary aspects, medicine, MODY (Maturity-onset diabetes of the young), Pharmaceutical, Role Concepts, GDF-15, Medicine, Medicines, Non Insulin Dependent, Biologic Drug, Autoprothrombin III, Blood-coagulation factor X, Coagulation, Biologic Products, Adult-onset diabetes mellitus, N-dimethylguanylguanidine, Rattus, Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Adult-Onset, Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Mus norvegicus, L Type Pyruvate Kinase, Role Concept, N-dimethyl-, Rattus norwegicus, Blood Coagulation Factor X, Adult-Onset Diabetes, Playthings and Play, LDHX, metformine, Biopharmaceuticals, Role, Plaything, Biologic Product, Technics, Pharmaceutic, Ketosis Resistant, oxidized glutathione reduction, Metformin, metforminum, Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus, dimethylbiguanide, Logistics, Administrative Technic, Biological Medicines, Biological Drug, System, metformina, HCl, Type II Diabetes, Toys, N-dimethyldiguanide, Administration and Organization, Biologics, Type 2, rats, M-Type, M1-Type Pyruvate Kinase, Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, type II, Coordination, non-insulin-dependent, Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes, Patient, Prostate Differentiation Factor, M2 Type Pyruvate Kinase, Polypeptide, Administrative Technics, Slow-Onset, Proteomes, Prostate, Glucophage, T2DM - Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, R-Type Pyruvate Kinase, Plays, Administrative Techniques, norvegicus, Biologic Pharmaceuticals, Metformin Hydrochloride, Noninsulin Dependent, Gene, Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1, UNQ694/PRO1339, N(1), DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 02, Maturity-onset diabetes, CPA3, Dimethylguanylguanidine, Rattus sp. strain Wistar, Rats, Ldh-3, Non-Insulin-Dependent, Gene Products, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Rattus rattiscus, Technique, Maturity-Onset Diabetes, Toy, Biologicals, brown rat, Drugs, T2DM, study, urinary levels, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Renin-Angiotensin, Rattus norvegicus, Differentiation Factor, Playthings, N-dimethylbiguanide, Coagulation Factor X, Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Natural Product, 1-dimethylbiguanide, Stuart Prower Factor, Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus, M Type Pyruvate Kinase, adult-onset, Administration, drugs, LA 6023, N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide, Puppets, Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus, Stable, Diabetes Mellitus, Clients, Metformin HCl, Play, Ketosis-Resistant, peptidos, Administrative Coordination, Stuart Factor, Preparation, R-Type, Diabetes, M1-Type, Puppet, Biologic, Adult Onset, Rattus norvegicus8, Pharmaceuticals, Type 2 diabetes, Products, M-Type Pyruvate Kinase, Adult-onset diabetes, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Biologic Medicines, Proteins, MODY, total expressed protein, M2-Type, Medications, Renin Angiotensin System, Client, Peptide, Pyruvate Kinase, Concept, T2D, Laboratory Rats, M1 Type Pyruvate Kinase, Protein, Biopharmaceutical, Hydrochloride, Slow-Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Maturity-Onset, Factor X, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Non-Insulin Dependent, M2-Type Pyruvate Kinase, Type 2 Diabetes, Pharmaceutic Preparations, R Type Pyruvate Kinase, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, Administrative Technique, Protein Gene Products, Drug, Gene Proteins, Preparations, Factor Ten, Natural Products, Peptid, Norway, Type II, Pharmaceutical Products, Stable Diabetes Mellitus, Maturity Onset, Pharmaceutical Preparation, Gunn ratsWater, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy, LC-MS2, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase activity, Rat, LA-6023, dimethyldiguanide, norvegicus, Tandem, Laboratory, Metformin Hydrochloride, H(2)O, aqua, Liquid Chromatography, LC-MS/MS, N-dimethylguanylguanidine, total expressed protein, Norway Rat, BOUND WATER, N(1), Rattus, oxidane, Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry, Norway Rats, WATER, agua, HOH, Dimethylguanylguanidine, rat, Rattus sp. strain Wistar, H2O, Mus norvegicus, LC/MS/MS, N5-CAIR mutase activity, Rattus norwegicus, Rats, N-dimethyl-, metformine, Laboratory Rats, water, LC-MSMS, Hydrochloride, 1, Norway rat, Rattus rattiscus, Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, Metformin, metforminum, tandem MS, Hydrogen Oxide, class I PurE, dimethylbiguanide, brown rat, urinary levels, Rattus norvegicus, LCMSMS, N-dimethylbiguanide, MS/MS, MS2, N, metformina, HCl, hydrogen hydroxide, 1-dimethylbiguanide, N-dimethyldiguanide, Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry, eau, rats, Dimethylbiguanidine, PurE, acqua, Laboratory Rat, N(1)-dimethylbiguanide, LA 6023, N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide, metformin, urinary aspects, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole carboxymutase activity, Metformin HCl, dihydridooxygen, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS-MS., Norway, Wasser, dihydrogen oxide, [OH2], Proteomes, Rattus norvegicus8, Gunn rats, GlucophageLA-6023, dimethyldiguanide, urinary levels, whole organism, N-dimethylbiguanide, body, Metformin Hydrochloride, N, metformina, HCl, N-dimethylguanylguanidine, total expressed protein, 1-dimethylbiguanide, N-dimethyldiguanide, whole body, N(1), Dimethylbiguanidine, N(1)-dimethylbiguanide, Dimethylguanylguanidine, LA 6023, N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide, N-dimethyl-, metformin, urinary aspects, metformine, Koerper, Proteomes., Hydrochloride, Metformin HCl, 1, Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, animal, Metformin, metforminum, dimethylbiguanide, GlucophagefalseExploring the effects of metformin on the body by urine proteomeUrine samples of rats were collected after intragastric administration of metformin or Wahaha pure water. The urine proteome was identified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and analyzed using various databases.Tue Feb 11 00:00:00 GMT 2025PXD0594431011640001544