MetaboLightsapplication/xmlftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/m_MTBLS12508_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsvftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/m_MTBLS12508_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsvftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/i_Investigation.txtftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/a_MTBLS12508_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txtftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/a_MTBLS12508_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txtftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/s_MTBLS12508.txtftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ12.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_QC2.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ11.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ03.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_QC4.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ24.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ02.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_QC5.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ25.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ15.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ23.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ11.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ24.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ15.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_QC3.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_QC1.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ05.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ01.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ02.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ14.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ22.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ14.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_QC2.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ13.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ23.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ04.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ21.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ01.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_QC1.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_QC3.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ25.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_QC5.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ22.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ04.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ12.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/neg_ZLJ03.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ05.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ21.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_QC4.rawftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508/FILES/RAW_FILES/pos_ZLJ13.rawprimaryOK200ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/metabolights/studies/public/MTBLS12508<p>Each ion was identified by combining retention time (RT) and m/z data. Intensities of each peaks were recorded and a 3D matrix containing arbitrarily assigned peak indices (retention time-m/z pairs), sample names (observations) and ion intensity information (variables) was generated. The online KEGG, HMDB database was used to annotate the metabolites by matching the exact molecular mass data (m/z) of samples with those from database. If a mass difference between observed and the database value was less than 10 ppm, the metabolite would be annotated and the molecular formula of metabolites would further be identified and validated by the isotopic distribution measurements. We also used a in-house fragment spectrum library of metabolites to validate the metabolite identidification.</p>MetaboLightsPublicLiquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse phaseLiquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse phase<p>All samples were acquired by the LC-MS system followed machine orders. Firstly, all chromatographic separations were performed using a Thermo Scientific UltiMate 3000 HPLC. An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm, Waters, UK) was used for the reversed phase separation. The column oven was maintained at 35 °C. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min and the mobile phase consisted of solvent A (water, 0.1% formic acid) and solvent B (acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid). Gradient elution conditions were set as follows: 0.0-0.5 min, 5% B, for 0.5-7.0 min, 8.1-10.0 min with 8% B, followed by 0.0-0.5 min. The injection volume for each sample was 4 μL.</p>Microbiota network modules-derived tryptophan metabolites improve cognition via microglial AhR/Sirpα signaling.Zhejiang University of TechnologyYuxiang Panhippocampusmass spectrometry assay<p>The collected samples were thawed on ice, and metabolite were extracted with 50% methanol buffer. Briefly, 20 μL of sample was extracted with 120 μL of precooled 50% methanol, vortexed for 1 min, and incubated at room temperature for 10 min; the extraction mixture was then stored overnight at -20 °C. After centrifugation at 4000 x g for 20 min, the supernatants were transferred into new 96-well plates. The samples were stored at -80 °C prior to the LC-MS analysis. In addition, pooled QC samples were also prepared by combining 10 μL of each extraction mixture.</p>Mus musculushttps://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS12508Pan Yuxiang. Zhejiang University of Technology. 1296687716@qq.com.<p>The acquired MS data pretreatments including peak picking, peak grouping, retention time correction, second peak grouping, and annotation of isotopes and adducts was performed using XCMS software. LC-MS raw data files were converted into mzXML format and then processed by the XCMS, CAMERA and metaX toolbox implemented with the R software.</p>Treatment1296687716@qq.com<p>The collected samples were thawed on ice, and metabolite were extracted with 50% methanol buffer. Briefly, 20 μL of sample was extracted with 120 μL of precooled 50% methanol, vortexed for 1 min, and incubated at room temperature for 10 min; the extraction mixture was then stored overnight at -20 °C. After centrifugation at 4000 x g for 20 min, the supernatants were transferred into new 96-well plates. The samples were stored at -80 °C prior to the LC-MS analysis. In addition, pooled QC samples were also prepared by combining 10 μL of each extraction mixture.</p>MetabolomicsAginguntargeted metabolitesHippocampusAginguntargeted metabolitesHippocampus<p>A high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer Q-Exactive (Thermo Scientific) was used to detect metabolites eluted form the column. The Q-Exactive was operated in both positive and negative ion modes. Precursor spectra (70-1050 m/z) were collected at 70,000 resolution to hit an AGC target of 3e6. The maximum inject time was set to 100 ms. A top 3 configuration to acquire data was set in DDA mode. Fragment spectra were collected at 17,500 resolution to hit an AGC target of 1e5 with a maximum inject time of 80 ms. In order to evaluate the stability of the LC-MS during the whole acquisition, a quality control sample (pool of all samples) was acquired after every 10 samples.</p>cis-11-Methyl-2-dodecenoic acid9,10-DHOMECorticosteroneProstaglandin G2SalmeterolPhenylacetylglutamineDiazoxideCefuroxime(2-Naphthalenyloxy)acetic acidDeoxyribose 1-phosphatePantothenolGinkgoic acidLunarineErgonovineL-HistidineKetoleucineL-AllothreonineCefaclorReserpinePetunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucosideTetracosanoic acidBifenazateIminodiacetic acidMonensinGrayanotoxin IProstaglandin H2CarprofenAsperulosideBenzoateHypericinCarboprost4-tert-ButylphenolLupinine2',6'-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenoneL-Djenkolic acidNeopterin4-HydroxybenzaldehydeTienilic acidAgnusideEstradiolDemethoxycurcumin6beta-HydroxytestosteroneD-Glucose 1-phosphateBoldione4-MethylcatecholOxamylGlutathioneStreptomycin2-AminobenzenesulfonateFMNLamivudineMetobromuron4,4'-SulfonyldiphenolFexofenadineSulfisoxazole6-MethylmercaptopurineFluocinonidePerillyl alcoholCarbaryl3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acidPantothenic acidEthiofencarbGlycerol 3-phosphateYohimbinePhosphoadenosine phosphosulfate(S)-MalateErucic acidXanthurenic acidEtomidateShikimic acidSaccharinalpha-MangostinFlurbiprofenIcariinPhthalic acidAminoadipic acidDeoxyribose 5-phosphate5-MethoxytryptamineMupirocinProstaglandin D3IsorhamnetinOxidized glutathione13,14-Dihydro-15-keto-PGE2NaringinDigitoxinPropanilUMPTriamcinolone acetonide3-Methyladenine3-Hydroxybenzoic acid3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosineAndrosterone glucuronideFurathiocarbLovastatinProstaglandin A2Gentisate aldehydeTrandolaprilrisedronateTridecanoic acidSulfasalazineAdenosineEstrone sulfate3',5'-Dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilideNitrendipinedIMPChelidonine6-MethyladenineProstaglandin B12-HydroxyestradiolIndolepyruvateUric acidL-(+)-Tartaric acidButabarbital[8]-ShogaolEupatilinNeolinustatinMatairesinolDigalacturonateglucoerucinD-Erythrose 4-phosphateHomo-L-arginineAcephateIsopimpinellin20-Carboxy-leukotriene B4MelatoninDaidzinCandesartandCDP(S,E)-ZearalenoneStearidonic acidStreptonigrinSisomicinFlutolanilAripiprazoleClomipramineThioguanineHydantoin-5-propionic acid4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acidEcgonineCoumafurylPhytanic acidCalcimycinN-Acetyl-L-tyrosine1-O-Galloyl-beta-D-glucoseCarbendazimGibberellin A7OctabenzonePyrethrosinGibberellin A3Nicotinamide ribosideNitrofurazoneEstradiol 17beta-cyclopentylpropionateBuprenorphineL-CystathionineAICARThiophanate-methylCymoxanilTrehalosePendimethalinRifamycinTos-Lys-CH2ClUridine diphosphategalactoseGuanineQuinmeracDL-GlutamateButylparabenNADHD-GalactoseEriodictyolNitrobenzeneCiticolineIprovalicarbdGMPXanthosine3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acidCitric acidNafcillinSulfamethizole5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine3-Hydroxybenzyl alcoholBilobalide AAcetylcholine chlorideCefotaximePalatinose4-AminosalicylateLevonorgestrelalpha-D-Ribose 1-phosphateTauroursodeoxycholic acidZingeroneFenoldopamCromoglicic acidErythromycin estolate(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoateMirtazapineHydroflumethiazideStearic acidSakuranetin4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoateGlutethimideHexaflumuronQuassinFlurecolZaleplonBumetrizoleVulgarinGeranic acidEstriol-16-GlucuronideNaltrindolePirenzepineColchicinePractolol2,4-DihydroxypteridineSodium deoxycholate3-Oxalomalate5-MethoxyindoleacetateGenistein1,5-AnhydrosorbitolRoxithromycinPyrimethanil3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxy)-2-propenoic acidDiclofenac1-(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1-propanoneThyrotropin releasing hormoneCoptisineFludioxonilChlorpropamideEPA (d5)Prostaglandin J2IndolelactateDobutamineSuccinyl sulfathiazoleOfloxacin1-MethyladenosineTamsulosin3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosineFosinoprilbeta-Alanyl-L-lysine1-Naphthaleneacetic acidHydrocinnamic acidT 0901317Leukotriene F4GeldanamycinOchratoxin AO-Phosphotyrosine6-ThiourateEprosartanD-Alanyl-D-alanine(-)-Guttiferone EIsoliquiritigeninFalcarindiolAcetohexamideTrifolirhizinPrednisonebeta-D-Fructose 6-phosphateCetirizine1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholineGlutamylglutamic acidAjmalicineFucose 1-phosphatePentoxifyllineSalicin3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)lactateLuteolin 7-glucosideBoscalid10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic aciddTMPTopiramate4-Hydroxyphenylethanol2-Naphthalenesulfonic acidLeukotriene D4Penicillin GIrisxanthoneDemethylated antipyrineLeukotriene C4L-TryptophanIsoliquiritinSecoisolariciresinolAmygdalinPenicillin VOlopatadineDopamineGulonic acidTeflubenzuronDihydrolipoatedCMPNifedipineEpiandrosterone2-MethoxyestradiolDelorazepamEicosadienoic acidBenzyl isothiocyanateL-Valine11-DehydrocorticosteroneQuinaprilLysoPA(16_0_0_0)AzithromycinMorphineDiflunisal(-)-alpha-NarcotineOstruthinCreatineN2-gamma-GlutamylglutamineSphingosine 1-phosphate16-Hydroxy hexadecanoic acidCaprylic acidNordiazepamL-CystineGuanidinosuccinic acidCyanuric acidCarglumic acidMalateCarvedilolDephospho-CoA1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphateGluconolactoneNADPH3-Methylthiopropionic acidEthirimolLysergic acid diethylamideChloroquineCysteic acidPimozideButyryl-CoAAlpha-LactoseHalofenozide3-Aminoisobutanoic acidGDP-L-fucoseHomocarnosinep-tert-AmylphenolNicotinic acid mononucleotideDiacetoxyscirpenolIndinavirHeptenophos4-HydroxytamoxifenDicloxacillinCatechin4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol(E)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenal2(3H)-BenzothiazolethioneCilastatinMalonobenAcetyl-CoADiphenhydramineAllocystathionine3-HydroxyflavoneDoxycyclineRepaglinidePseudohypericinPhenylacetic acidN-Acetyl-L-phenylalanineSumatriptan5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamideCaproic acidGlycyl-glycineDihydroxyacetone phosphatePalmitic acidChitobiosePhosphonoacetateDiethylstilbestrolCefadroxilMeloxicam20-HETE2-Amino-3-phosphonopropionic acidMitomycinEsculinAcetylisoniazidPhenylbutazone(9Z)-Hexadecenoic acid12-Hydroxydodecanoic acidProcyanidin C1Cortisone acetateAdenosine diphosphate riboseDeoxyadenosine5,6-DHETBrompheniramineEpigallocatechin gallateGatifloxacinQuercetinFormononetinHesperidinN-Glycolylneuraminic acidGlimepiride4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanateDeoxypeganineEthionamideCefdinirPenoxsulamClavulanateSulfamethoxazoleNizatidine3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoateLuteolinNorspermidineGlaucarubinFlufenamic acidTryptophanO-Acetylcarnitine1H-Indole-2,3-dioneGlycyrrhetinatePropylparabenbeta-N-AcetylglucosamineKhellinBlasticidin SBromocriptineNicotinic acidN-AcetylmuramateAldosteroneL-IsoleucineGlucotropaeolinall-trans-Retinoic acidSulfinpyrazoneAsymmetric dimethylarginineSulfentrazoneMercaptopurineGluconic acid(6Z)-Octadecenoic acidDulcin7-MethylxanthineMenadioneDocetaxelGalactaric acidAlpha-D-GlucoseExemestane3-MethylindoleIMPS-AdenosylhomocysteineTiclopidinePencycuron(-)-ArctigeninFluphenazineIrbesartanVisnagin4-NitrocatecholGlabraninGalacturonic acidtrans-CinnamateProtoporphyrin IX1-Phospho-alpha-D-galacturonatePalmityl-CoAGemcitabineFenamiphosThromboxane B2LeucineCitramalic acid4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acidTrehalose 6-phosphatep-Cresol12-Keto-leukotriene B4N1,N5,N10-Tricoumaroyl spermidineIprodioneMifepristoneCurcuminPerillic acidD-OrnithineEthoxyquinMetaxaloneMalvidin 3-glucosideDethiobiotinTopotecanSedoheptulose 7-phosphateIrinotecanNomilinUncarine C5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophanLevorphanolMestranolChlorpyrifos-methylDoxazosinTartronateRiboflavinChloridazonSalvianolic acid ALimoninFolic acidCDPAspartameDeoxyinosine(S)-[10]-GingerolThalidomideFluopicolidep-Phenolsulfonic acidO-Succinyl-L-homoserineParaoxonPhenylglyoxylic acidDihydromyricetinFucoxanthinBiotinGMPPaxillineL-Proline1-Methylxanthine2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenolSyringic acidNeomycinAmlodipineFlumioxazinCyclohexane-1-carboxylateCefoperazoneSilicristinAucubin11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acidCerivastatinL-AsparagineZonisamideDiethofencarbDinotefuranAmaroswerinThapsigarginOctanoyl-CoA2-Methoxyestrone2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropaneAflatoxin G2(2S)-Liquiritigenin4-Quinolinecarboxylic acidD-Glyceric acidGinkgolide CAnastrozoleMiglitolPseudouridineRotenoneImidaclopridCiprofloxacinThiacloprid(3R)-beta-Leucine1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehydeDiethylphosphatePraziquantelD-Glucurono-6,3-lactoneGuanosineSinapyl alcoholbeta-D-GlucosamineEfavirenzAlprostadilKetoprofen1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid3-MethylxanthineFusidic AcidSulfadoxineGlyceric acidAFMKVerruculotoxinCandesartan cilexetilBiliverdinCyclic AMPT2 ToxinLoganinL-FucoseChicoric acidFMLPIsorhynchophyllinecis-Aconitate4-BromophenolFumonisin B2IproniazidSulfamethazineCis-zeatinOxalacetic acidPyrophosphateUridineImazamoxRaloxifeneL-Homocysteic acidBendroflumethiazideEnterodiolCymarinStreptozocinEquolIsoeugenolOnonin6-Keto-prostaglandin F1aCyanidin 3-glucosideKaempferitrinIsoniazidGalactitolSC-58125Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphateIsoquercitrinNADRutarinFumaric acidL-TyrosineAflatoxin B2SulfamonomethoxineBetamethasoneGlucoiberinNonactinPhenylpyruvic acid3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acidGinsenoside ReSucroseHC-toxinKaempferidePhlorizin3-HydroxyanthranilatepeonidinPhloretinOphthalmateCyclic GMPCortexoloneMetosulamDisulfiramIsofraxidinGibberellin A124HarmalolAtalaphyllinebeta-ThujaplicinTaurocholic acidAsulamMethoxyfenozide2-Isopropylmalic acidLopinavir(R)-MevalonateCMP8(S)-HETENorfloxacinDeltalineUrocanic acidAmentoflavoneRibitolVirginiamycinN-Formyl-L-aspartateAmoxicillinGinsenoside RoPerindoprilSulfoacetateTolmetin4-AcetylbutyrateSuberic acidAlpha-TocotrienolBryostatin 1OxaprozinPyridoxal 5'-phosphate3-MethoxyanthranilateAstemizoleColeonol5'-MethylthioadenosineLipoate4-Nitrophenol2-Arachidonylglycerol8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid4-MethylumbelliferoneMasoprocolLonchocarpol AQuetiapineCreatinineE-64FlufenoxuronPyridoxine6-Phosphogluconic acidLichenintrans-Ferulic acidCefazolin5-Aminopentanoic acidN-AcetylleucineParomomycinDihydrobiopterinAromatic aldehydeAstaxanthinTheobromineCortisolBilirubin3-Deoxy-lyxo-heptulosaric acidNicotinamide ribotideIsobutyryl coenzyme AAmilorideUracil mustardTropisetron2',3'-Cyclic CMPJasmonic acidIndapamideHesperetinXanthylic acidPterinFluconazoleAtovaquoneTrinitrotolueneD-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatetrans-12-Hydroxyjasmonic acidMilbemectinGeniposideN2-Malonyl-D-tryptophanToluateDichlorophenLeu-Leu-TyrAtorvastatinMesobilirubinogen1-Methyl-6-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine1-Palmitoyl-2-(5-keto-6-octenedioyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineCanavanine3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one2-CarboxybenzaldehydeDimethylbenzimidazoleMonoammonium glycyrrhizinate5,7-DimethoxyflavoneEugenolCaffeateGenipin10-Hydroxydecanoic acidTebufenozide(+)-SesaminSphinganine7,8-DihydroneopterinN-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphateTetrahydrofolic acidPyrrolnitrinTraumatic AcidHydroxyanthraquinoneTolbutamideGlycochenodeoxycholic acidDeacetylvindolineCodeine2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolineD-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphatetrans-PiceidQuinateLigustilidedUMPProgesteroneToluene-4-sulfonateD-FructoseNaringeninGenistinAngiotensin IIIXanthohumolGlucaric acidFormylanthranilic acid2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphateFructose 1,6-bisphosphateL-HomoserineDihydrofolic acid9(S)-HPODEEnalaprilCoenzyme Q10SuprofenDihydroalbocyclineAcetosyringoneTaxifolinSparfloxacinPropionyl-CoAPiplartineMCPAThiamine monophosphatePicrotinFenitrothionGibberellin A12Muramic acidalpha-Ketoisovaleric acidN(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl esterPorphobilinogenPentostatinGemfibrozilBromacilCortisol 21-acetate2,3-BisphosphoglycerateRosmarinic acidL-Histidinolalpha-ChaconineCarnosineFloxuridineCoumesterolDaunorubicinLincomycinSpironolactoneTemefosMyricitrinPentadecanoic acidSotalolDiaminopimelic acidMethyl beta-D-galactosideNitrofurantoinRoridin ADeoxyuridineKaempferolEstradiol-17beta 3-sulfateChlorantraniliprolePrimidonePhenylacetylglycinePenciclovirL-ArabinoseEstrone glucuronideFlutamide3-NitrobenzanthroneKasugamycinN-AcetylmannosamineRacemethionineATPNiflumic AcidGeinN-Acetylserotonin4-AcetamidobutanoateNilutamideAprobarbitalMaltotetraose10-Nitrolinoleic acidDehydrocholic acidFluperlapineFluvastatin2,4-Dichlorophenoltrans-Zeatin ribosideD-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acidHarpagosideFructose-1PAlpha-Linolenic acidEmtricitabineFisetinPonasterone AMibefradilFumitremorgin AErgocalciferolMalathion17a-EstradiolQuinineDehydroepiandrosterone15-Deoxy-d-12,14-PGJ2Myristic acidSilibininApigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucosidePhenyllactic acid2,4-DinitrophenolTriadimefonAdipateEstradiol valerateCalcium pantothenateHippuric acidalpha-SolanineAcetazolamidePhenylethylamineGalactosylsphingosineCytarabineNateglinideLinuron(-)-WikstromolFADAdenineOxoadipic acidNicotinuric acidCortisoneApramycin sulfateD-ProlineEnalaprilatInosinePurineDidanosineLumichromeD-PhenylalanineHetacillinOuabain13(S)-HPOTLamiideArachidonic acidCarnosolVoacamineLufenuronEllagic acid3-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoateMethotrexateAllocholic acid1,8-ANSGeniposidic acid6-Aminopenicillanic acidScytophycin CMaltotrioseArbutinVanillylmandelic acidgamma-GlutamylcysteineCucurbitacin BD-XylitolTricyclazoleSebacic acidN-MethyltyramineDihydrouracilN-AcetylhistamineDantronTheophyllineD-Malic acidMaslinic acidOrotidylic acidFludrocortisoneN4-AcetylsulfamethoxazoleZoxazolamine(R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acidSalidroside6-HydroxymelatoninPicolinic acidmyo-InositolAstragalinPyroglutamic acidCoenzyme AGlucosamine 6-phosphateBiochanin ADodecanedioic acid3-O-alpha-Mycarosylerythronolide BDattelic acidFraxin3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-oneSalinomycinDeoxyguanosineGingerolMefenamic acid1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3,4-bisphosphateSildenafilFluazinamPhenyl acetateDibutyl phthalateThymidineLabetalol1,8-DinitropyreneMethylmalonic acid2-hydroxyflutamideTryptophanolD-OctopineGardenosideLankacidin CDeoxycorticosterone acetatem-Coumaric acidMethyl jasmonate2,4-DinitrotolueneHistamineAdipate semialdehydeNicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphateEupatoriochromeneChorismate3'-Dephosphocoenzyme AO-PhosphothreonineOxypurinolNonadecanoic acidAzathioprine5'-Deoxyadenosine(<U+00C2><U+00B1>)-FenarimolBicucullineLoxapineOxycodoneMitragynine17a-Ethynylestradiol20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4Allantoic acidOxazepamRibose 1,5-bisphosphateTaurodeoxycholic acidRaffinoseEpicatechin4-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)acetophenoneAzelaic acidProstaglandin F2aSalicyluric acidImidazoleacetic acidBoc-Asn2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone5-HydroxyindoleacetateAcebutololClozapineCelecoxibTartaric acidActinoninDeoxycholic acidThreonateChlorpheniramineAnisomycinS-LactoylglutathioneDeoxycytidine12-Keto-tetrahydro-leukotriene B4LubiprostoneHexadecanedioateBiopterinDaidzeinDinosebProstaglandin F1aDNOCAsiaticosidefalseMicrobiota network modules-derived tryptophan metabolites improve cognition via microglial AhR/Sirpα signaling<p>Gut microbiota dysbiosis has emerged as one of the hallmarks of aging, highlighting the need to identify microbial network modules as new biomarkers rooted in microbiota interactions and develop targeted nutritional interventions. The current research, integrating data from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient cohorts, meta-analysis and animal experiments, identified 4 core bacterial genera modules associated with aging and cognition. The combination of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Lachnospiraceae bacterium and Roseburia intestinalis was positively correlated with neurofunction and significantly improved cognitive performance in LPS-induced and AD mice. Metabolomic profiling revealed disrupted tryptophan metabolism in aging mice, which was restored upon intervention with the core bacterial strains. Mechanistically, tryptophan metabolites activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the hippocampus, modulating microglial phagocytosis via Sirpα and Trem2 signaling. Moreover, sesaminol enhanced cognitive function by modulating specific modules. These findings elucidated the role of the microbiota-tryptophan metabolites-microglia axis in anti-aging and provided new directions for microbiota-targeted interventions.</p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