At the same time, the metabolites were identified by searching database, and the main databases were the HMDB (http://www.hmdb.ca/), Metlin ( https://metlin.scripps.edu/) and the self-compiled Majorbio Database (MJDB) of Majorbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China)
"],"repository":["MetaboLights"],"study_status":["Public"],"ptm_modification":[""],"instrument_platform":["Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse phase","Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse phase"],"chromatography_protocol":["The LC-MS/MS analysis of sample was conducted on a UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X system equipped with an ACQUITY HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 μm; Waters, USA) at Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water:acetonitrile (2:98, v/v) (solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (solvent B). The flow rate was 0.40 mL/min and the column temperature was 40℃. The injection volume was 5 μL.
"],"publication":["Alterations in gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles in acute stroke: insights into brain–gut axis dysregulation."],"submitter_name":["Qi Zhu"],"submitter_affiliation":["Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College"],"organism_part":["fecal"],"technology_type":["mass spectrometry"],"disease":[""],"extraction_protocol":["100 mg solid sample was added to a 2 mL centrifuge tube and a 6 mm diameter grinding bead was added. 800 μL of extraction solution(methanol: water = 4:1 (v:v) containing four internal standards ( 0.02 mg/mL L-2-chlorophenylalanine, etc.) were used for metabolite extraction. Samples were ground by the Wonbio-96c ( Shanghai wanbo biotechnology co., LTD) frozen tissue grinder for 6 min (-10°C, 50 Hz), followed by low-temperature ultrasonic extraction for 30 min (5°C, 40 kHz). The samples were left at -20°C for 30 min, centrifuged for 15 min (4°C, 13000 g), and the supernatant was transferred to the injection vial for LC-MS/MS analysis
"],"organism":["Homo sapiens"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS12822"],"author":["Qi Zhu. Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College. Emergency_zhuqi@163.com."],"data_transformation_protocol":["The pretreatment of LC/MS raw data was performed by Progenesis QI (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA) software, and a three-dimensional data matrix in CSV format was exported. The information in this three-dimensional matrix included: sample information, metabolite name and mass spectral response intensity. Internal standard peaks, as well as any known false positive peaks (including noise, column bleed, and derivatized reagent peaks), were removed from the data matrix, deredundant and peak pooled.
"],"study_factor":["Treatment"],"submitter_email":["Emergency_zhuqi@163.com"],"sample_collection_protocol":["A total of 20 participants with AS were recruited from the Department of Neurology Central Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College between July to September 2022, aged 65.7±8.4. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) Clinical presentation: Patients exhibited one or more acute-onset of neurological symptoms, such as limb or facial weakness or numbness, sensory disturbances, dizziness, aphasia, dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, visual field defects or neglect, and cognitive impairment; (b) Neuroimaging: Diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist, based on the presence of acute lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or newly developed hypodense lesions on computed tomography (CT); (c) Time window: Patients met the diagnostic criteria for AS and were admitted within 72 h of symptom onset (Neurology and Society, 2018, Liu et al., 2023).
Meanwhile, a total of 20 healthy participants (mean age: 61.5 ± 8.1 years) were recruited during the same period to serve as healthy controls. The inclusion criteria were: (a) Recent blood and biochemical tests within normal ranges; (b) No history of hypertension, diabetes, nephropathy, or cancer; (c) No recent use of medications, supplements, or dietary products known to alter gut microbiota or immune function; and (d) No clinical signs or history of inflammatory or infectious diseases.
The exclusion criteria for both groups were as follows: (a) Incomplete medical history or physical examination data; (b) Presence of conditions known to significantly alter the composition of gut microbiota or inflammatory status, such as hyperlipidemia or diabetes; (c) Recent use of medications, antibiotics, microecological agents, or health supplements known to affect gut microbiota composition or systemic inflammation; (d) Administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) or bile acid chelators (e.g., cholestyreamine and cholestyrepo) within the previous month; and (e) Patients with cancer, mental illness, history of gastrointestinal surgery, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, acute infection or acute cholecystitis/cholangitis within the last week.
To ensure the validity of the fecal sample collection and minimize potential confounding factors, all participants underwent thorough screening through clinical interviews and medical record reviews. Only those who met all inclusion criteria and were free from known interfering conditions were enrolled in the study. The fecal samples of AS patient group (T) were collected within 30 min of the patient's arrival at the emergency department. For the healthy group (C), fasting fecal samples were obtained at 8-10 am following an overnight fast. All samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until further analysis.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Central Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College (Sci-2024-008(01)). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to sample collection.
"],"omics_type":["Metabolomics"],"study_design":["Acute Stroke","Brain-Gut Axis","Biomarkers","untargeted metabolites","Gut microbiota (beta diversity)"],"curator_keywords":["Acute Stroke","Brain-Gut Axis","Biomarkers","untargeted metabolites","Gut microbiota (beta diversity)"],"mass_spectrometry_protocol":["The UPLC system was coupled to a UHPLC-Q Exactive HF-X system Mass Spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in positive mode and negative mode. The optimal conditions were set as followed: source temperature at 400℃ ; sheath gas flow rate at 40 arb; Aux gas flow rate at 10 arb; ion-spray voltage floating (ISVF) at -2800V in negative mode and 3500V in positive mode, respectively; Normalized collision energy , 20-40-60V rolling for MS/MS. Data acquisition was performed with the Data Dependent Acquisition (DDA) mode. The detection was carried out over a mass range of 70-1050 m/z.
"],"metabolite_name":["Taurine","4-(2-Aminophenyl)-2,4-Dioxobutanoic Acid","(S)-9-Hydroxy-10-Undecenoic Acid","20-Trihydroxy-Leukotriene-B4","6A,12A-Dihydroxylithocholic Acid","Riboflavin","Gamma-Glutamylaspartic Acid","2-[[3-Cyclohexyl-1-[2-[3-(Diaminomethylideneamino)Propylcarbamoyl]Piperidin-1-Yl]-1-Oxopropan-2-Yl]Amino]Acetic Acid","10-Chloro-1-[(3S)-3-Hydroxypyrrolidine-1-Carbonyl]-3-Phenyl-6,7-Dihydrobenzo[A]Quinolizin-4-One","Tetrahydrouridine","2-Deoxy-2,3-Dehydro-N-Acetyl-Neuraminic Acid","N(6)-6(R,S)-Lipoyl-L-Lysine","Metaphosphoric Acid","N'-Formylkynurenine","N-Acetyl-B-D-Galactosamine","Sucralose","Deoxyinosine","Lysope(0:0/15:0)","Ecteinascidin 729","Epicatechin 4'-Sulfate","1-Deoxy-1-(N6-Lysino)-D-Fructose","Deoxycholic Acid","6-Methyluracil","1B,3A,7B-Trihydroxy-5B-Cholanoic Acid","(12S,15S)-15-O-Demethyl-10,29-Dideoxy-11,12-Dihydro-Striatin C","N-[(5-{2-[(6R)-2-Amino-4-Oxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrido[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-6-Yl]Ethyl}-2-Thienyl)Carbonyl]-L-Glutamic Acid","Dg(2:0/0:0/Pgj2)","Feruloylquinic Acid","Tyrme-Hophe-Oh","Naringenin-6-C-Glucoside","Gibberellin A14","Glucose Lactate Glutamate","Benzenebutanoic Acid, 4-((3-(4-Acetyl-3-Hydroxy-2-Propylphenoxy)Propyl)Thio)-Gamma-Hydroxy-Beta-Methyl-, (R*,S*)-","Methyl Hexanedioate","20-Carboxy-Ltb4","3,3-Dimethylglutaric Acid","14,15Beta-Dihydroxyklaineanone","4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde","Cladosporin","Docosapentaenoic Acid (22N-3)","Caffeyl Alcohol","Homovanillic Acid Sulfate","4,11,13,15-Tetrahydroridentin B","Cinncassiol A","D-3-Phenyllactic Acid","5Beta-Androstan-3Alpha-Ol-17-One Sulfate","Tangeraxanthin","(+/-)-Tryptophan","Ibuprofen Glucuronide","Spironolactone","Batatasin I","3-Methylcrotonylglycine","N6-Galacturonyl-L-Lysine","Imidazolone A","5-5'-Dehydrodiferulic Acid","Sativan","Xylobiose","Cinncassiol C3","Pregnanolone Sulfate","3-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-Propanoic Acid Sulphate","3-Hydroxydodecanedioic Acid","Carbon Dioxide","Zeranol","Erythrono-1,4-Lactone","Mytilin B","(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[2-Hydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Ethoxy]Oxane-2-Carboxylic Acid","2-Amino-3-Cyclohexylpropanoic Acid","13'-Carboxy-Gamma-Tocotrienol","Valylisoleucine","Gravelliferone","Alfaprostolum","Osthenol","5-(1,1-Dimethylheptyl)-2-[5-Hydroxy-2-(3-Hydroxypropyl)Cyclohexyl]Phenol","Niranthin","Plumieride","Dimethyl 3-Methoxy-4-Oxo-5-(8,11,14-Pentadecatrienyl)-2-Hexenedioate","Pimpinellidine","Monoketocholic Acid","N-(N-L-Gamma-Glutamyl-S-Nitroso-L-Cysteinyl)Glycine","8-Azaguanine","Dodecanedioic Acid","3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Lactate","5-Hydroxyindole-3-Acetic Acid","7,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-Oic Acid","Chenodeoxycholic Acid","Neosaxitoxin","Ilexgenin A","Citric Acid","1,5-Isoquinolinediol","Cyclo(Leu-Phe)","Demethylsuberosin","Ketoprofen Glucuronide","25-Acetylvulgaroside","Furo[3,2-C]Pyran-4-One","T2 Toxin","Glyceric Acid","Methylisopelletierine","7-Hydroxy-5-Methoxyflavan","Mycophenolic Acid","2-Hydroxyhept-5-Enoylcarnitine","Adipic Acid","(+/-)-Sulfobutanedioic Acid","Pi(32:1)","Annomuricatin A","5(Z),8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid","Hydrogenated Mdi","Valyl-Prolyl-Glycyl-Valyl-Glycine","Simvastatin Hydroxy Acid","Azasetron","Hydroxymethyl Hydrogen Carbonate","3-Carboxymedetomidine","Pg(I-12:0/Txb2)","Enterodiol","Olamufloxacin","Cryptomeridiol","4-Oxoprolinate","Huperzine B","N-Lauroyl Arginine","1-[6-(2-Carboxypyrrolidin-1-Yl)-6-Oxohexanoyl]Pyrrolidine-2-Carboxylic Acid","Heptadecanoic Acid","Streptozocin","Triterpenoid","Enterolactone","Chloroquine","Paramethadione","4-Deoxypyridoxine","Vanillin-4-Sulfate","[(3S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S)-16-Hydroxy-10,13-Dimethyl-17-Oxo-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-Dodecahydrocyclopenta[A]Phenanthren-3-Yl] Hydrogen Sulfate","Sulfosuccinic Acid","Phaseolic Acid","11'-Carboxy-Gamma-Chromanol","Mitraphylline","Beta-D-Ribosylnicotinate","Glcnacasn","Lovastatin Acid","Gamma-Glutamylisoleucine","1-(4-O-Beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-3-Methoxyphenyl)-3,5-Dihydroxydecane","Tuberoside J","Homocholic Acid","Mandelic Acid Sulfate","Leucyl-Aspartate","N-Fructosyl Pyroglutamate","Trimazosin","D-Glycerate 3-Phosphate","(-)-Wikstromol","Cdp-Ethanolamine","Cyclo(Glycylleucylvalylleucylprolylseryl)","Cyclamate","1,7-Dimethyluric Acid","Coniferyl Alcohol","Gibberellin A29","Uric Acid","Stearoyl Lysophosphatidylethanolamine","17-Octadecynoic Acid","Sinapic Acid","2-Methylsuccinic Acid","L-Valine, N-(2-Hydroxy-3-Butenyl)-","Vulpinic Acid","Levofloxacin","Mjdbissn00000009","P-Cresol Sulfate","(S,E)-Zearalenone","16-Feruloyloxypalmitate","Malvidin 3-Rhamnoside","Mjdbissn00000003","Lactose-Lysine","Mjdbissn00000001","21-Deoxycortisone","Pangamic Acid","Zanamivir","Caramboxin","Citraconic Anhydride","Isopropenyloxy","Cellobiose","Bentazepam","Glycerol Glutamate","Isofraxidin","Saccharopine","Iminodiacetate","3-(3-Sulfooxyphenyl)Propanoic Acid","N-Acetyl-L-Glutamate 5-Semialdehyde","Gibberellin A29-Catabolite","3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde","3-Acetylphenol Sulfate","Pyroglutamic Acid","Gibberellin A5","Trenbolone Acetate","Sulfo Jasmonate","Gibberellin A3","Cucurbitacin I","Soyasaponin I","Richter","Vanylglycol","N-Acetyl-D-Tryptophan","2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 3-((2R)-2-Amino-2-Phenylethyl)-1-((2,6-Difluorophenyl)Methyl)-5-(2-Fluoro-3-Methoxyphenyl)-6-Methyl-","O-Succinyl-L-Homoserine","Ascorbic Acid","Trifarotene","2,3-Diacetoxy-7,8-Epoxy-24,29-Dinor-1,3,5-Friedelatriene-20-Carboxylic Acid","Perylene-1,2-Dione","Dg(2:0/Pgj2/0:0)","Palmitoleic Acid Ethyl Ester","L-Malic Acid","7-Oxoprostaglandin I2","Dihydromaleimide Beta-D-Glucoside","Quercetin 3-Sulfate","6:3+6O Fatty Acyl Hexoside","Humilixanthin","N-Acetyl-Dl-Glutamic Acid","Alpha-Muricholic Acid","Protoporphyrinogen Ix","12Alpha-Hydroxy-3-Oxo-5Beta-Cholan-24-Oic Acid","Methyloxirane","4-Hydroxy-3-Prenylbenzoic Acid Glucoside","(+)-Cis-Abscisic Aldehyde","Mg(0:0/20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0:0)","3-Methylsuberic Acid","10,11-Dihydro-20-Trihydroxy-Leukotriene B4","9E-Heptadecenoic Acid","3-Dehydrocholic Acid","(2E)-2,5-Dimethyl-4-Vinyl-2,5-Hexadien-1-Yl ?-D-Glucopyranoside","Cresopyrine","Lactandrate","3',4'-Dihydroxyphenylacetone","Dl-M-Tyrosine","Diisooctyl Phthalate","12-Ketochenodeoxycholic Acid","Tropate","12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic Acid","Dg(Pgj2/2:0/0:0)","Protoporphyrin Ix","2-Amino-3-[[(2R)-2-Carboxy-2-(Diacetylamino)Ethyl]Disulfanyl]Propanoic Acid","Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid","1,3,2Lambda~6~-Dioxathietane-2,2-Dione","Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde","N-[(3S)-2-Oxotetrahydrofuran-3-Yl]Butanamide","Tetramethylscutellarein","Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypyrid-4-One","Palmitic Acid Ethyl Ester","(1Xi,3Xi)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-Methyl-Beta-Carboline-3-Carboxylic Acid","13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto-Pge1","Valechlorin","N6,2'-O-Dibutyryladenosine","4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenylglycol Sulfate","1B,3A,7A-Trihydroxy-5B-Cholanoic Acid","2-Methoxy-6-Pentadecylbenzoic Acid","Alpha-[3-[(Hydroxymethyl)Nitrosoamino]Propyl]-3-Pyridinemethanol","Polyethylene, Oxidized","Suberic Acid","Lpe(18:2)","Apiforol Sulfate","N-Nitrosotomatidine","Geranic Acid","(Z)-2-Methylureidoacrylate Peracid","Val-Ser-Oh","3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl Carnitine","Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Sulfate","Milrinone","N-Fructosyl Gamma-Glutamyl-S-(1-Propenyl)Cysteine Sulfoxide","Tyr-Asp-Oh","Cinobufagin","(S)-Abscisic Acid","5-Methoxytryptophan","Apigenin 7-Sulfate","(6B,7B,13R)-6,7-Diacetoxy-8,14-Labdadiene-13-Ol","1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-B-Carboline-1,3-Dicarboxylic Acid","Quinic Acid","Rhodomyrtoxin","7A-Hydroxy-Cholestene-3-One","Hygrine","Histamine-Trifluoromethyltoluide","3-Hydroxysebacic Acid","Sebacic Acid","Alanylproline","20-Hydroxy-Leukotriene B4","Tricarballylic Acid","Alpha-D-Glucose","Exemestane","Leucinic Acid","Dalbergin","Lpc(18:2)","Delavirdine","Vulgarin","Coriandrone D","Hexuronic Acid","Mesobilirubinogen","Ethyl Cellulose","3-Methyl-4-Pentenoic Acid","Oxypurinol","Propanal","L-Glutamate","4-(6,6-Dimethyl-4-Oxo-3-(Trifluoromethyl)-4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H-Indazol-1-Yl)-2-((1R,4R)-4-Hydroxycyclohexylamino)Benzamide","5,6-Dihydro-5-Azacytidine","Seletalisib","Oxazepam Glucuronide","6,8-Dihydroxypurine","2-Methylcitric Acid","Dihydroconiferyl Alcohol","16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic Acid","2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate","Gly-Met-Oh","Cynaropicrin","Ak Toxin I","Pi(34:2)","Medicagenic Acid","Medroxyprogesterone","12-Oxo-20-Trihydroxy-Leukotriene B4","D-Malic Acid P-Coumarate","(3S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(3-Benzoylphenyl)Propanoyloxy]-3,4,5-Trihydroxyoxane-2-Carboxylic Acid","Azelaic Acid","Vinylsulfonic Acid","4'-Methylepicatechin 7-Sulfate","Aflatoxin Gm1","Marinobufagenin","3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol Glucuronide","Stercobilin","Irinotecan","Glucose-6-Glutamate","2-Keto-L-Gluconate","7-Ketolithocholic Acid","Ccc(C(O)=O)P(=O)=O","Alpha-Acetyllysine","(1R,4R,5S,6R)-4-Amino-2-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]Hexane-4,6-Dicarboxylic Acid","3,4-Dihydroxyhydrocinnamic Acid","(1R)-5-[2-[(1S,7As)-1-[(1S)-1-(3-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutoxy)Ethyl]-7A-Methyl-2,3,3A,5,6,7-Hexahydro-1H-Inden-4-Ylidene]Ethylidene]-4-Methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-Diol","1-Methyluric Acid","Silychristin","Sulfate","Methylmalonic Acid","Prenyl Glucoside","Fa(18:2+4O)","Kioukasin E"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Alterations in gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles in acute stroke: insights into brain–gut axis dysregulation","description":"Acute stroke (AS) is a major public health issue globally, exhibiting high morbidity, disability rate, and mortality. Emerging research has demonstrated the critical roles of gut microbiota and its metabolites in pathogenesis, recovery, and prognosis of AS. In this study, we investigated alterations in gut microbiota composition and metabolomic profiles in AS patients using 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics technology. The results revealed significant changes in gut microbiota diversity and community structure in AS patients compared with healthy controls. Notably, the abundance of anti-inflammatory microbiota was increased significantly, accompanied by elevated levels of certain metabolites, such as 6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid and bufadienolide, while levels of urobilin and andrenid acid were significantly reduced. Network analysis further uncovered the significant differences in microbiota–metabolite interactions between AS patients and healthy controls, indicating gut ecosystem disruption and functional dysfunction in AS. This study sheds light on the mechanisms of brain-gut axis in AS, suggesting potential microbial and metabolite biomarkers, thus providing valuable insights into AS prediction and treatment.