Metabolite identification and annotation were implemented based on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform, combined with self-constructed and public databases, following standardized data processing pipelines.
The primary reference database for metabolite identification was the self-constructed MetWare Database (MWDB). Metabolite qualification was achieved by matching the secondary mass spectrometry spectra, retention time, and characteristic ion pairs of samples with the corresponding entries in MWDB. During the process, interference signals were eliminated, including isotope signals, adduct ion signals containing K+, Na+ and NH4+, and fragment ion signals derived from larger molecular weight metabolites, to ensure the accuracy of identification results.
The core identification pipeline relied on the Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode of triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. First, the precursor ions of target metabolites were screened by the first quadrupole to exclude interference from other ions. Then, the precursor ions were fragmented in the collision cell, and the characteristic fragment ions were filtered by the third quadrupole for targeted detection. The declustering potential (DP) and collision energy (CE) parameters for each MRM ion pair were optimized to improve the specificity and sensitivity of metabolite detection. After acquiring the mass spectrometry data, chromatographic peak extraction, integration and correction were performed to ensure consistent peak detection across different samples.
"],"repository":["MetaboLights"],"study_status":["Public"],"ptm_modification":[""],"instrument_platform":["Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - hilic","Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - hilic"],"chromatography_protocol":["1. Instrument and Column Details
UPLC Instrument: ExionLC AD UPLC system (Sciex, https://sciex.com.cn/)
Mass Spectrometry Instrument: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system (Sciex, https://sciex.com.cn/)
Column: Agilent SB-C18 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm), manufactured by Agilent Technologies.
2. Mobile Phase Composition
Mobile Phase A: Ultra-pure water containing 0.1% formic acid
Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid
3. Gradient Elution Program
The gradient elution procedure was carried out as follows:
0.00 min: Initial composition with 5% mobile phase B
9.00 min: Linear gradient to increase mobile phase B proportion to 95%
9.00–10.00 min: Maintain mobile phase B proportion at 95% for 1 min
10.00–11.10 min: Decrease mobile phase B proportion back to 5%
11.10–14.00 min: Maintain mobile phase B proportion at 5% for column re-equilibration
4. Chromatographic Operating Settings
Flow Rate: 0.35 mL/min
Column Temperature: 40 °C
Injection Volume: 2 μL
"],"publication":["Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals new insights into formation and regulation of major components of G. leucocontextum and G. lucidum."],"submitter_affiliation":["Peking University"],"submitter_name":["Duo Keai"],"organism_part":["fruiting body"],"technology_type":["mass spectrometry assay"],"disease":[""],"extraction_protocol":["Freeze-drying: Samples were dried in a freeze dryer (Scientz-100F).
Grinding: Dried samples were ground into powder (MM400, Retsch; 30 Hz, 1.5 min).
Extraction: 50 mg powder was mixed with 1200 μL pre-cooled (-20 °C) 70% methanol aqueous internal standard solution; the ratio was maintained for samples < 50 mg.
Vortexing: Vortexed for 30 s every 30 min, 6 cycles in total.
Centrifugation: Centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 3 min; the supernatant was collected.
Filtration: The supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane and stored in injection vials for UPLC-MS/MS analysis.
"],"organism":["G. leucocontextum","G. lucidum"],"data_transformation_protocol":["Raw UPLC-MS/MS data were preprocessed with Analyst 1.6.3 software. The data were imported into MultiQuant for chromatographic peak extraction, integration and correction, with peak area indicating metabolite relative content. QC assessment included TIC overlap analysis in positive and negative ion modes and CV analysis, where over 75% of metabolites had CV < 0.3 and over 85% had CV < 0.5. Isotope signals, adduct ion signals and redundant fragment ion signals were removed to ensure data accuracy.
Metabolite identification was based on the self-constructed MetWare Database (MWDB) by matching secondary mass spectrometry spectra, retention time and characteristic ion pairs. Quantification was performed via Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode, with relative content determined by comparing calibrated peak areas of characteristic ion pairs across samples.
Two normalization methods were applied for statistical analysis. Unit Variance Scaling (UV) was used for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Log2 transformation combined with mean centering was adopted for Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) to reduce data skewness and enhance model reliability.
"],"study_factor":["Group"],"metabolights_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS13871"],"submitter_email":["keaiduoduo998@126.com"],"sample_collection_protocol":["After 20 days of growth on sorghum medium at 25, mycelia were inoculated onto the substrate packed in heat-sealed cultivation bags with microfilter windows and cultured in the dark at 25 C for 1 month. The sorghum-based medium was specifically designed to provide optimal nutritional supplementation for Ganoderma growth, while concurrently establishing a porous matrix structure with superior moisture retention properties. For fruiting body growth, the bags were cultured in a room with 10 h of illumination and 30 min of ventilation at 26 .
"],"omics_type":["Metabolomics"],"study_design":["G. leucocontextum","triterpenoids","G. lucidum"],"curator_keywords":["G. leucocontextum","triterpenoids","G. lucidum"],"mass_spectrometry_protocol":["Instrument DetailsTandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system (Sciex, https://sciex.com.cn/) was coupled with UPLC for metabolite detection.
Ion Source and Ionisation Mode
Ion Source: Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
Ionisation Mode: Both positive (P) and negative (N) ion modes were applied
Ion Spray Voltage: 5500 V for positive mode; -4500 V for negative mode
Key Operating Parameters
Source Temperature: 550 °C
Source Gases: Ion Source Gas I (GSI) = 50 psi; Ion Source Gas II (GSII) = 60 psi; Curtain Gas (CUR) = 25 psi
Collision-Activated Dissociation (CAD): High
Scan Parameters
Scan Mode: Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM)
Collision Gas: Nitrogen (medium pressure)
Parameter Optimization: Declustering Potential (DP) and Collision Energy (CE) were optimized for each MRM ion pair to ensure accurate metabolite detection
Specific MRM Transitions: A set of target MRM transitions were monitored according to the metabolites eluted during different time periods
"],"metabolite_name":["2-Hydroxycinnamic acid*","3-Acetoxy-15-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Mf)","Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide-5-O-rhamnoside","3,19,23-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Rutundic acid)","Pentadecanoic acid,14-methyl-,methyl ester","Esculetin (6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin)","2,3-Dihydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (Camaldulenic acid)","2,19-Dihydroxy-3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid","Pantothenol","Benzylacetone","Isobutyryl carnitine","1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hept-1-ene-3-ol","Quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside*","5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone","Tetradecasphinganine","4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid*","Dehydroabietic acid","alanine betaine","1-18:3-LysoPC","15-Acetoxy-3-oxolanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid T-Q)","Vitexlimolide A","Flufuran","1-Methoxy-indole-3-acetamide","2,3-Dihydroxy-5Ï«-pregn-17(Z)-en-16-one","3-Hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,6E,10-trien-9-yl isobutyrate(iso-1)","Guvacoline","Isothankunic acid","Syringic acid","Hercynine","2,3-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Corosolic acid)*","3-Carbamyl-1-methylpyridinium;(1-Methylnicotinamide)","(S)-Indoximod","24-Hydroxy-3-oxooleana-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid","3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid","2,3-Dihydroxy-19-oxo-18,19-secours-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (Swinhoeic acid)","Nordihydrocapsiate","N-benzylformamide","4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde","2-(8Z,11E,13Z)-Pentadecatrienyl-1,4-benzenediol; Wonjuquinol B","Aflatoxin GM","2-Decanol*","5-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone","3-Oxo-9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-26-oic acid (Mangiferonic acid)","Rosmarinic acid methyl ester","4,5,6-Trihydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-ylideneacetonitrile","Tricetin (5,7,3',4',5'-Pentahydroxyflavone)","1,3-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Kaneric acid)","11,12-O-Isopropyfidenesolajiangxin F(ISO2)","Trijugin A","Ganoderenic Acid AM1","Aflatoxin G1","3,13,15-Trihydroxyoleanane-12-one","Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate*","3-epi-isocucurbitacin D","3-oxo-21,24-dihydroxyserrat-14-ene","3,4-Secours-4(23),12-dien-3-oic acid (Roburic acid)","3'-Deoxysappanol","Lupane-20(29)-en-3-on-28-oic acid","15-Hydroxy-3-oxolanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid TR)","dictamnoside A","Lucidadiol","N-Acetylcadaverine","3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid","Elfvingic acid A","Isophorone","4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol","2-(Formylamino)benzoic acid","Luteolin-6-C-arabinoside-7-O-glucoside","14-hydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid","Formononetin-7-O-(6''-Malonyl)glucoside","Rhamnazin 3-Glucosyl-Arabinofuranoside","N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine","2-Oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid","Robinetin","N-Benzyloleamide","Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol","Ganoderal A","Myricetin","3,19-Epoxy-3,22-dihydroxydammara-20,24-dien-26-oic acid Ñ´-lactone (Semialactone)","Ganoderic acid LM2","3-Methyl-4,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin","Soyasaponin II","Vanillic acid","Chrysophanol-9-anthrone","1-Oxo-Siaresinolic acid","Phthalic acid","Phenylethanolamine","4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid","3,6-Dihydroxyurs-12,18(19)-dien-28-oic acid (Uncargenin A)","3Ï«,20ÉÇ,21ÉÇ-trihydroxy-16-oxo-serrat-14-en-24-oic acid","sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)","Norarjunolic acid","6''-O-Malonylgenistin","ent-3Ï«,16ÉÇ,17,19-Tetrahydroxykauran-19-ylacetate-17-O-ÉÇ-D-glucopyranoside","24,30-Dihydroxy-12(13)-ene-lupeol","Isopimaric acid*","4-Hydroxyquinoline","12-Hydroxyabietic Acid","12-Hydroxyhydromethylabietate","BOA-6-O-glucoside","Gastrodioside","11alpha-hydroxy-3,7-dioxo-5alpha-lanosta-8,24(E)-dien-26-oic acid","Kaempferol-3-O-(2''-p-Coumaroyl)galactoside","Ethylparaben","Anthranilate-1-O-Sophoroside","Isovitexin-2''-O-xyloside","O-Phosphocholine","2-Amino-4-dihydroxy octadecyl galactoside","Indole","3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(4-octylphenoxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid","1-O-Caffeoyl Galactonic Acid","3,13-Dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Terminic acid)","11-Hydroxy-3-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid","1-Methyl-6-Oxo-1,6-Dihydropyridine-3-Carboxamide","Benzamide","Ganoderic Acid B8","Cordianol B","6-Hydroxyphomodiol","3,4-Open loop-lupine-4(23),20(29)-diene-24-hydroxy-3-carboxylic acid","3,23-Dihydroxy-30-noroleana-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid (30-Norhederagenin)","3,7,15,20-Tetrahydroxy-11,23-dioxolanost-8-en-26-oic acid (Ganoderic acid L)","3-Indoleacetonitrile","L-Carnitine","(5Z,10E,14S)-14-hydroxy-2,6,10-trimethylpentadeca-5,10-dien-4-one","Cinnzeylanine","4-[3-(4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl)-3-methyloxiran-2-yl]butan-2-one","Diethanolamine","Demethyl coniferin","2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol","9,12-Octadecadienoic acid,ethyl ester","(4ÉÇ,10E)-6Ï«,15-Dihydroxy-8ÉÇ-(methacryloxy)-14-oxogermacra-1(10),11(13)-diene-12-oic acid-12,6-lactone","Lup-12-en-15Ï«,19ÉÇ-diol-3,11-dioxo-28-oic acid","(3S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-9(1H)-one","3-Acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxy-labda-15,16-olide","Epoxyeleganolactone","Quercetin-7-O-rutinoside*","Phelligridin B","Methyl 3-O-Methyl Gallate","Homogentisic acid","Naringenin-7-O-Rutinoside(Narirutin)","Matairesinol","Isocucurbitacin D","4-Hydroxycoumarin","Fraxetin-7,8-di-O-glucoside","Dihydrobungeanool","Imidazole-4-Acetic Acid*","Machilin G","3,7-Dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid DM)","3,5-Dihydro-2H-Furo[3,2-C]Quinolin-4-One","naphthisoxazol A","Vibsanin J","2-Glucosyloxy-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (Dhurrin acid)","Lathyrol","Hydroxydihydrobovolide","3ÉÇ-Hydroxypregna-5,17(20)-diene-16-one","3,15-Diacetoxy-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Me)*","3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid","2,3,16,21-Tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (Platycogenic acid C)","2,5-Dihydroxy-Indole","Cadambagenic acid","DL-2-Aminoadipic acid","Isohydroxymatairesinol","Butein","3-Hydroxy-16-O-Acetyl-dehydrotrametenolic acid","Ganoderenic Acid E","Ganoderenic Acid G","7-O-(4''-O-glucosyl)coumaroyl-loganic acid","Ganoderenic Acid H","Chlorogenic acid methyl ester","Spermidine","15-Acetoxy-3-hydroxylanostane-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid TN)","2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde","Ganoderenic Acid A","Olean-12-ene-3,22,23-triol (Soyasapogenol B)","Feruloylspermidine","3-(Cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-4a,5-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-one","6ÉÇ-Hydroxy-8Ï«-methoxyeremophila-1(10),7(11)-dien-12,8ÉÇ-olide","Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate","3,22-Diacetyloxy-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid R)*","Senkyunolide I","Caffeic aldehyde","Senkyunolide M","1-Decanol*","Isobavachalcone D","Protoaescigenin","5-Hydroxylbisabolon-9-one","2',6'-Dihydroxyacetophenone","Fagomine","2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylic acid","20-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,7,7,11,12,16,20-heptamethylpentacyclo[13.8.0.03,12.06,11.016,21]tricos-3-ene-8,9,19-triol","5,8-Epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol (Ergosterol peroxide)","Aspergillusene A","1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone","serratane-3Ï«,14Ï«,20ÉÇ,21ÉÇ,24,29-heptol","Sweroside","2,4,4'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone","Olean-12-en-3-one (ÉÇ-Amyrone)","methyl-4,5-diacetyloxy-3-hydroxy-6-[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]oxane-2-carboxylate","Ceriopsin B","Spinasaponin A Methyl Ester","Cyclen","Suberosin","Vanillylamine","Vicine","9-Hexanoyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-6a-methyl-9,9a-dihydro-6H-furo[2,3-h]isochromene-6,8(6aH)-dione","2,3,19,23,24-Pentahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid","N',N'',N'''-p-Coumaroyl-cinnamoyl-caffeoyl spermidine","Ganoderic acid GS-2","3-Hydroxycinnamic Acid*","2,3-Dihydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-oic acid (Goreishic Acid I)(ISO4)","4-Nitrophenol","O-Acetyl-L-carnitine","Delta-Hexalactone","Ganomycin I","Ganoderic Acid GS-3","2,3-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester (Corosolic acid methyl ester)","(5S)-5-Methoxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone","23S-Hydroxy-11,15-Dioxo-Ganoderic Acid DM","4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelate","3,22-Diacetoxy-7-methoxylanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Md)","Butylamine","Ent-16Ï«,17-Dihydroxykauran-2-one","Naringenin-7-O-(6''-malonyl)glucoside","5-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,8a-trimethyl-1,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3-methylpent-1-en-3-ol","Ganoderic Acid Sigma","3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (Oleanolic acid)","Leucol","Alnusdiol","N-benzoyl-2-aminoethyl-ÉÇ-D-glucopyranoside","3-O-Feruloylquinic acid","Picein (4-Acetylphenyl-glucoside)","Confertifoline","Stachydrine","2-Hydroxyursolic acid*","Deacetyl Ganoderic Acid F","Niga-Ichigoside F1; Nigaichigoside F1","1,2,3,7,8-pentahydroxy-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione","3-Methylsalicylic Acid","Catechin gallate","Ethyl (4E,6E,8E,10E,13Z)-15,16-dihydroxy-5,9-dimethyloctadeca-4,6,8,10,13-pentaenoate","14-Hydroxyvibsanin F","1-[2-(Furan-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-2-one","3-(((S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)amino)-2,5-dihydroxycyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid","13,28-Epoxy-11-ursen-3-one (Momordicinin)","dihydromachaeric acid lactone","Apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside (Rhoifolin)","3-Oxooleana-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid","3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid; Isovanillic Acid","Pipecolic acid","3-Oxolup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Betulonic acid)","Vitexin-2''-O-xyloside","Betaine","2-Amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid","5-Aminocycloheptane-1,2,3-triol","Indole-3-carboxaldehyde","Dihydroferuloylputrescine","6,10,14-Trimethylpentadeca-5,9-Diene-2,13-Dione","2-benzoyl-4-[(2r)-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-methylideneoct-6-en-1-yl]benzene-1,3,5-triol","Daminozide","Virgatic acid","Ganoderic acid C1*","Triacanthinapioside","6-Hydroxynicotinic acid","Dehydrovomifoliol","ʽ-hydroxyquinoline","ganodermic acid S","Diisobutyl phthalate*","Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin)","Isoquinoline","(E)-3-(3',5'-Dimethoxy-4'-hydroxy-benzylidene')-2-indolinone","Isoceanothic acid","3-(Acetyloxy)-16-hydroxy-24-methylenelanost-8-en-21-oic acid (3-Epi-Pachymic acid)","Rubianol-d","Synephrine; 4-[1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol","Nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3',4'-Hexamethoxyflavone)","2-Aldehydo-A(1)-norlup-20(29)-en-27,28-dioic acid (Zizyberanal acid)","N-Cinnamoylserotonin","Methylillicinone F","Luteolin-7,3'-di-O-glucoside","Kadcoccinic acid C","Anthranilic Acid","Indole-5-carboxylic acid*","5-O-Methyllatifolin","4,6-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-2H-Pyran-2-one","2-Amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-4-acetic acid","3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (Protocatechuic acid)*","Cadaverine","Pyrrolidin","4,6-(S)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-ÉÇ-D-glucose","2-Formyl-3-hydroxy-A(1)-norlup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Colubrinic acid)","Lucialdehyde B","1,2,3,19-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid","Dihydroisopelletierine","7-ethenyl-8,8a-dihydroxy-1,4a,7-trimethyl-9-oxo-3,4,4b,5,6,8,10,10a-octahydro-2H-phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid","2,3,6,23-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Madecassic acid)","Ethyl (10Z,13Z)-hexadeca-10,13-dienoate","Methyl dioxindole-3-acetate","Mucic acid Dimethyl Ester","3-hydroxy-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one","3,22-Diacetoxy-15-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Mk)","N-ethylcytisine","3,7,15-Trihydroxy-4,4,14-trimethyl-11-oxochol-8-en-24-oic acid (Lucidenic acid M)","3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Pomolic acid)*","3-Oxours-12-en-28-oic acid (Ursonic acid)*","Embelin","Hydrocinnamic acid","6,30-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-lupane-20(29)-en-28-oic acid","5,7,3',4',5'-Pentahydroxydihydroflavone","Frambinone","3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-24-oic acid (Ï«-Boswellic acid)","1-phenyl-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-ene-3-heptanone","cannabinol(CBN)","octadecanoic acid pyrrolidide","hederagenin-GlcA-Ara","Lochrovicine","Aromadendrin (Dihydrokaempferol)","3-Hydroxy-urs-11-en-28,13-lactone","Spirostan-3-ol (Tigogenin)","4-O-Galloylquinic Acid","Ferruginol","Methyl abieta","3,7-Dihydroxychromen-4-one","2-Amino-5-[(1-Carboxy-2-Phenylethyl)Amino]-5-Oxopentanoic acid","3-Indoleacrylic acid","Di-N-pentyl phthalate","Trigonelline","Kaempferol-3,7-O-diglucoside","3-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Ursolic acid)","12-(Acetyloxy)-3-hydroxy-4,4,14-trimethyl-7,11,15-trioxochol-8-en-24-oic acid (Lucidenic acid E)","Isovanillin","Ganoleucoin R","Ganoderic acid G","o-Carboxy-5-hydroxytryptamine","Elaidolinolenic acid","24,25,26-Trihydroxylanosta-7,9(11)-dien-3-one (Ganodermanontriol)","Butyl isobutyl phthalate*","5-Ethenyl-7-hydroxy-1,5,12-trimethyl-10-oxatetracyclo[7.6.1.02,7.012,16]hexadecan-11-one","Salicin","Zarzissine","2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid","3-Oxolanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid S)","Pterolactam","2-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3(2H)-one (HMBOA)","3-Methyl-1-butylamine","Methoxyindoleacetic acid","14-hydroxy-2,6,10-trimethylpentadeca-2,5,10-trien-4-one","16-Hydroxy-24-methylene-3-oxolanosta-7,9(11)-diene-21-oic acid (Polyporenic acid C)","Quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside*","7ÉÇ-Methoxyrosmanol","3-Oxoolean-12-en-28-oic Acid (Oleanonic acid)*","JiangxiBaiyingsu I","3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl hydrogen sulfate","3-quinolinecarboxylic acid","ganodermanondiol","(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propanoic Acid","3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid","Alternariol","26,27-Dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one (Ganoderiol F)","2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde","Moniliferanone D","Tyrosol; 4-Hydroxyphenylethanol","2,3,23-Trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid*","Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)","1-(hydrosulfonylmethyl)cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yne","3,4-Cycloopen-cycloaltin-4(29),25-diene-24(S)-hydroxy-3-carboxylic acid","Vanillin; 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxybenzaldehyde","Kaempferide-3-O-(6''-malonyl)glucoside","2,6-Dimethyl-7-octene-2,3,6-triol","Octadec-2-enamide","Dopamine","3-Hydroxy-7-oxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-al (Lucialdehyde C)","7-O-Ganoderic Acid Z","Apigenin-6-C-rhamnoside","N-Oleoylethanolamine","Araucarolone","Methyl cumalate","Pyrroline","3-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Betulinic acid)","1-aminocycloheptane-2,3,5-triol","Hexylamine","2(3H)-Benzothiazolone","7-Hydroxy-3,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,24-diene-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid GS-1)","L-Praziquanamine","Xanthoxylin","N-Benzylmethylene isomethylamine","16-Hydroxytrametenolic acid","27,28-Dicarboxyl ursolic acid","Fornicin C","Tryptamine","Quinovic acid-3-O-rhamnoside","7-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4b,7-trimethyl-2,5,6,8,8a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthren-3-one","N-Caffeoylputrescine","(S)-2-Phenyloxirane","1-[3-(4-methyl-6-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-yl)propyl]pyrrolidin-2-one","Evofolin B","voacristine","15-Acetyloxy-3-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid X)","(R)-2-hydroxy-2-isobutylsuccinic acid","Ajugalactone","2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone","1-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)pentadecan-1-one","3-Chloroaniline","2-Carboxy-3-hydroxy-A(1)-norlupan-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (Ceanothic acid)","3-Hydroxy-5-Methylphenol-1-O-Glucoside","Anthriscifolcine A","4-Hydroxypipecolic acid","Quercetin-3-O-(4''-O-galloyl)arabinoside","Machilusolide D","Laurocapram","3-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-al (Betulinaldehyde)","N-(4-oxopentyl)-acetamide","(6Z)-18Ï«-Acetoxy-4Ï«-hydroxydictyo-19-al","Lucidenic Acid A","Lucidenic Acid B","4-Hydroxymandelonitrile","2',4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone","m-Aminophenylacetylene","Lucidenic Acid F","3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid; 4-O-Methylgallic Acid","Lauramine oxide","2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol*","Lucidenic Acid I","Coumarin","Hispanolone","Lucidenic Acid G","Spiroapplanatumine M","Raspberryketone glucoside","Lucidenic Acid N","3-Indolepropionic acid","Spermine","Myrtucommulone B","Lucidenic Acid P","Herbacetin","2,3,6-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Madasiatic acid)*","3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid*","(1S,2S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,17S)-9-hydroxy-1,5,13-trimethyl-11-oxapentacyclo[8.6.1.15,8.02,8.013,17]octadecane-6,12-dione","2,3,23-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid*","Stemanthrene C","8(26),14(27)-onoceradiene-3ÉÇ,21Ï«-diol","3,15-Dihydroxylanostane-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Jb)","9-hydroxysesamin","Viburnenone B1 methyl ester","4-Methoxysalicylic Acid","Monascmol","3-(Cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-4a,5-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-one","Hypaphorine","p-Coumaroylagmatine","Vitexin-2''-O-galactoside","3ÉÇ,21Ï«,24ÉÇ-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-16-one","Ganoderic Acid 24","7,12-Dihydroxy-4,4,14-trimethyl-3,11,15-trioxochol-8-en-24-oic acid (Lucidenic acid B)","Cannabifolin C","L-Tyramine","dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2(3H)-furanone","Cannabifolin E","Resveratrol","Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid*","2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine","Curcurbitacin IIA","O-MethylNaringenin-8-C-arabinoside","Xanthoangelol H","Daturanolide C","Imbricatolic acid","changnanic acid","Quercetagetin; 3,3',4',5,6,7-Hexahydroxyflavone","3-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde","GANODERMATRIOL(P)","4-O-Glucosyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone","Catalpol","octadecadienoic acid amide","Apigenin-7-O-(6''-malonyl)glucoside","2Ï«,3Ï«-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid","1,4-Dihydro-1-Methyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide","4-Aminosalicylic acid","2,3,23-Trihydroxyolean-12-ene-28,29-dioic acid 29-methyl ester (Phytolaccagenin)","3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-(trimethylammonio)propanoate","1-(2)-Ene-3-oxo-11ÉÇ-hydroxyl-lupene","1-(9Z,12Z-Octadecadienoyl)-Sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine","3-O-Methylgallic Acid","2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol*","N6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine","3-amino-2-naphthoic acid","Avicennol","Ganoderic Acid Theta","3-Hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid Y)","3-O-Acetyl-16-hydroxy-dehydrotrametenolic acid","Lumichrome","Kadcotrione C","Scutellarein (5,6,7,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone)","N-Hydroxypipecolic acid","Pisiferic acid","Ganoderiol D","Ganoderiol B","schisanol","24-(Acetyloxy)-11,23,25-trihydroxydammar-13(17)-en-3-one (Alisol A 24-acetate)","Ganoderiol A","Histidinol","Spirolingzhine D","5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-O-glucosylphenol","15,23-Dihydroxy-3,11-dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (Ganolucidic acid D)","Procyanidin A6","GanodericacidD","3-Hydroxy-24-methylene-8-lanostene-21-oic acid (Eburicoic acid)","Imidazol-1-yl-acetic acid*","GanodericacidH","Methyl 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate","Stearamide","6-Methylnicotinamide","Ganoderic Acid Gamma","4-Hydroxybenzoic acid","Agathic acid","1-Vaccenoyl-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine","7,15-Dihydroxy-3,11,23-trioxolanost-8-en-26-oic acid (Ganoderic Acid A)","Cucurbitacin D","1,3-Dihydroxypropan-2-yl 12-methyl-6-(6-methylheptyl)tridec-12-enoate","Cucurbitacin E","Caffeoylcholine-3-O-glucoside*","L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid*","1-O-p-Coumaroyl-ÉÇ-D-glucose","19-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-A(1)-norursa-2,12-dien-28-oic acid (Hyptadienic acid)","Indole-3-carboxylic acid*","9-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1H-purin-6-one","O-Phosphorylethanolamine","1-(Hydroxymethyl)hexahydro-1h-pyrrolizin-2-ol","Ajugalaevigatic acid","Caffeoylcholine-4-O-glucoside*","3,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone","Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin)*","Veratridine","Valerine","2-Amino-1,3-eicosanediol","Lucidenic Acid C6","3,24-Dihydroxy-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid (Quinatic acid)","N-Acetylisatin","3,9,25-Trihydroxy-24-hydroxymethylergosta-7,22-dien-6-one","Ganoleuconin L","Schisanlactone E","Dimethyl phthalate","Ganoleuconin J","Ganoleuconin K","4-Hydroxyacetophenone","Ganoleuconin I","Ganoleuconin F","Ganoleuconin D","Ganoleuconin E","Ganoleuconin B","Ganoleuconin C","Terreic acid","16,23:16,30-Diepoxydammar-24-ene-3,20-diol (Jujubogenin)","Ganoleuconin A","Kaurenoic Acid*","4-methoxybenzamide","Salicylic acid","Lucidenic Acid D1","2-Phenylethylamine","16-oxo-21ÉÇ-hydroxyserrat-14-en-3Ï«-yl acetate","6-Hydroxyrumicin-8-O-D-glucoside","7,8-Dihydro-Buddlenol B(threo)","Deoxymutaaspergillic acid","Imperatorin","2,3-Dihydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid*","2-Picolylamine","Syringic acid-4-O-(6''-feruloyl)glucoside","Choline","Naringenin-7-O-Neohesperidoside(Naringin)","2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid","(8S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-3-amine","N-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethyl)-4-hydroxybutanamide","Phenyl acetate","11,12-epoxy-13-hydroxy-3-Oxooleanane-28-oic acid gamma-lactone (Liquidambaric Lactone)","3-Acetoxy-[6]-gingerdiol","2,3-Diacetoxy-18-hydroxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid","9-Fluorenol","P-Methoyxcinnamate glucoside","Saponin PE","serratenediol diacetate","1-Aminopropan-2-ol","Phloretin-2'-O-glucoside (Phlorizin)","Candicine","Pantetheine","(1R,4aS,4bR,7R,8R,8aR,9S,10aR)-7-ethenyl-8,8a,9-trihydroxy-1,4a,7-trimethyl-2,3,4,4b,5,6,8,9,10,10a-decahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid","Vitetrifolin H","3-O-p-Coumaroylshikimic acid","3beta,23-dihydroxy-12-ene-28-ursolic acid","3,16-Dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid","1-O-Feruloyl-3-O-caffeoylglycerol","2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid*","3-Hydroxy-11-oxours-12-en-28-oic acid (11-Keto-ursolic acid)","Urs-12(13)-en-3-one-28-oic acid","Usnic acid","Negundoin A","N-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide","cis-Zeatin riboside","Eucommiol","Histamine","p-Aminoanisole","26-Hydroxylanosta-8,24-diene-3,7-dione (Ganoderone A)","2,3-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-29-oic acid (Maslinic acid)*","Leucocyanidin; 3,4,5,7,3',4'-Hexahydroxyflavan","Rosmadial","Yangonin","Medicagenic acid-3-O-glucuronide-28-O-xylosyl(1,4)-rhamnosyl(1,2)-arabinoside","Denudatine","3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol","Diisooctyl Phthalate*","Cleistanthol","3,12-Dihydroxyoleanan-28,13-olide (Oleanderolide)","Phthalic anhydride","4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid","Hexadecanamide","Ganoderic Acid B","3,28-Dihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (Betulin)","3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester","Ganoderic Acid D Methyl Ester","Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3,26-diol (Ganoderol B)","Ganoderic Acid Xi*","1-O-Caffeoyl-ÉÇ-D-glucose","Vitexilactone","6-Deoxyfagomine","Ganoderic Acid I","Dihydrocharcone-4'-O-glucoside","1-O-Galloyl-rhamnose","Ganoderic Acid J","Levopimaric acid*","Ganoderic Acid C","Vanillin acetate","Ganoderic Acid F","6-C-Glucosyl-2-Hydroxynaringenin","Callicarpone","Casuarine Analogue","Dihydrocaffeic acid","Ganoderenic acid K","Ganoderic Acid K","Ganoderenic acid D","Piperidine","Protocatechualdehyde","Ganoderenic acid F","Ganoderic Acid M","9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (Cycloartenol)","3-Hydroxyurs-5(6),12,18(19)-trien-28-oic acid (Uncargenin B)","Ganoderic Acid N","Ganoderic Acid Z","Orcinol glucoside","13-Methyl-27-norolean-14-en-3-ol (Taraxerol)","Hispidin","9-Hydroxyselina-4,11-dien-14-al","p-Coumaric acid","3-Oxo-19-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Pomonic acid)","Trimethylamine N-Oxide","3-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid (18Ï«-Glycyrrhetinic acid)","Octadeca-2,9,12,15-tetraen-1-ol","5-hydroxy-3,4-dimeth-yl-5-pentylfuran-2(5H)-one","2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (Salicylaldehyde)","Ehretioside B","Nortrachelogenin","Hydroxytyrosol","6'-O-Feruloyl-D-sucrose","3-Hydroxy-20-oxo-30-norlupan-28-oic acid (Platanic acid)","3,16-Dihydroxy-23-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid (Quillaic acid)","Ï«-Hydroxycinnamic Acid*","2,3,19-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (Tormentic acid)","Erysenegalensein L","Macrophypene B"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals new insights into formation and regulation of major components of G. leucocontextum and G. lucidum","description":"Ganoderma is a class of medicinal fungi with diverse medicinal effects, of which triterpenoids are one of the main pharmacologically active substances. In this study, sporocarps of two Ganoderma species (G. leucocontextum, a newly discovered species, and G. lucidum, a traditional medicinal species) at five different developmental stages were used as test materials for joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Metabolomic analysis via Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) identified a total of 514 differential metabolites (screened by VIP 1 and P < 0.05). Among these, triterpenoids were the primary class of differentially abundant metabolites between the two species: G. leucocontextum consistently contained higher levels of ganoleucoin during development, while G. lucidum maintained higher levels of ganoderic acid. Transcriptomic analysis yielded 227.61 Gb of clean data (Q30 base percentage > 93%), with 228,593 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified across the five developmental stages. Most genes in the triterpenoid synthesis pathway (including several Ganoderma-specific CYP450 family genes) were more highly expressed in G. lucidum. RT-qPCR validation of 6 key DEGs confirmed that their expression trends were consistent with transcriptomic data. Additionally, 6 putative transcription factors (belonging to HSF and GNAT families) potentially involved in Ganoderma triterpene metabolism were identified. Our findings provide datasets on dynamic gene expression and differential metabolites during the development of the two Ganoderma species, laying a foundation for subsequent in-depth research.
","dates":{"publication":"2026-02-08","submission":"2026-02-08"},"accession":"MTBLS13871","cross_references":{"KEGG":["Cmqn009552","Cmcn011220","Cmmn013378","Cmpp008880","Cmbn007148","Cmcp007058","Cmjp003100","Cmsn004454","Cmsn004863","Cmmp006152","Cmcp003763"]}}