Metabolite identification was performed using a proprietary, in-house intelligent MS/MS spectral matching algorithm developed by MetWare. The identification is based on multiple orthogonal parameters: accurate mass MS1MS1, MS/MS fragment ions, isotopic distribution patterns of MS/MS fragments, and retention time RTRT. Matching tolerances were set to 20 ppm for both MS1 and MS2, and 0.2 min for RT. All identifications were conducted against the MetWare Database MWDBMWDB, a self-built, experimentally validated lipid-specific database containing high-quality reference MS/MS spectra and RT information generated on AB Sciex TripleTOF 6600 and QTRAP 4500 platforms. Identification confidence levels Level 1–3Level1–3 were assigned according to the match score and supporting evidence: Level 1 score ≥ 0.7, full MS/MS + RT matchscore≥0.7,fullMS/MS+RTmatch, Level 2 score 0.5–0.7, partial MS/MS + RT matchscore0.5–0.7,partialMS/MS+RTmatch, Level 3 Q1/Q3, RT, DP, CE consistent with MWDB entriesQ1/Q3,RT,DP,CEconsistentwithMWDBentries.
"],"repository":["MetaboLights"],"study_status":["Public"],"ptm_modification":[""],"instrument_platform":["Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse-phase","Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse-phase"],"chromatography_protocol":["The sample extracts were analyzed using an LC-ESI-MS/MS system (UPLC, ExionLC AD, https://sciex.com.cn/; MS, QTRAP® System, https://sciex.com/). The analytical conditions were as follows, UPLC: column, Thermo Accucore™ C30 (2.6 μm, 2.1 mm*100 mm i.d.); solvent system, A: acetonitrile/water (60/40,V/V, 0.1% formic acid, 10 mmol/L ammonium formate), B: acetonitrile/isopropanol (10/90 V/V, 0.1% formic acid, 10 mmol/L ammonium formate); gradient program, A/B(80:20, V/V) at 0 min, 70:30 V/V at 2.0 min, 40:60 V/V at 4 min, 15:85 V/V at 9 min, 10:90 V/V at 14 min, 5:95 V/V at 15.5 min, 5:95 V/V at 17.3 min, 80:20 V/V at 17.3 min, 80:20 V/V at 20 min; flow rate, 0.35 ml/min; temperature, 45 °C; Injection volume: 2μl. The effluent was alternatively connected to an ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QTRAP)-MS.
"],"publication":["Multi-omics Elucidates Gut Microbiota-Driven Mechanisms of Lipid Deposition in Pigs Fed a DDGS Diet."],"submitter_affiliation":["Northeast Agricultural University"],"submitter_name":["Qingwei Meng"],"organism_part":["backfat"],"technology_type":["mass spectrometry assay"],"disease":[""],"extraction_protocol":["Take out the sample from the -80°C refrigerator and thaw it on ice. Add 1 mL of the extraction solvent (MTBE: MeOH =3:1, v/v) containing internal standard mixture into 10 mg of the sample After whirling the mixture for 15 min, 200 μL of ultrapure water was added. Vortex for 1 min and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. 200 μL of the upper organic layer was collected and evaporated using a vacuum concentrator. The dry extract was reconstituted using 400 μL mobile phase B prior to LC-MS/MS analysis.
"],"organism":["Sus scrofa"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS14058"],"author":["Qingwei Meng. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University. qingweimeng1990@163.com."],"data_transformation_protocol":["The raw mass spectrometry data were converted to the open-standard mzML format using ProteoWizard (https://proteowizard.sourceforge.io/), specifically via the MSConvert tool. This conversion ensures compatibility with downstream bioinformatics tools and public repositories such as MetaboLights.
"],"study_factor":["Treatment"],"submitter_email":["qingweimeng1990@163.com"],"sample_collection_protocol":["At the end of the feeding experiment, all pigs were weighed after 12 hours of fasting and two pigs per pen were randomly selected for slaughter. After slaughter, the hot carcass weights were recorded and the dressing percentages were calculated. The backfat samples between the 11th and 13th ribs on the left side of the carcass were collected, and a section of each sample was stored at −20 ℃ for analysis. Another section of each sample was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 ℃ for detection. The backfat thickness was obtained by calculating the average value of backfat thickness at the first, 10th and last ribs, and the loin depth was measured at the 10th rib.
"],"omics_type":["Metabolomics"],"study_design":["lipid deposition","Multiomics","antibiotic exposure","distillers grain solubles","Intestinal Flora"],"curator_keywords":["lipid deposition","Multiomics","antibiotic exposure","distillers grain solubles","Intestinal Flora"],"mass_spectrometry_protocol":["LIT and triple quadrupole (QQQ) scans were acquired on a triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTRAP), QTRAP® LC-MS/MS System, equipped with an ESI Turbo Ion-Spray interface, operating in positive and negative ion mode and controlled by Analyst 1.6.3 software (Sciex). The ESI source operation parameters were as follows: ion source, turbo spray; source temperature 500 °C; ion spray voltage (IS) 5500 V(Positive), -4500 V(Neagtive); ion source gas 1 (GS1), gas 2 (GS2), curtain gas (CUR) were set at 45, 55, and 35 psi, respectively; the collision gas (CAD) was medium. Instrument tuning and mass calibration were performed with 10 and 100 μmol/L polypropylene glycol solutions in QQQ and LIT modes, respectively. QQQ scans were acquired as MRM experiments with collision gas (nitrogen) set to 5 psi. DP and CE for individual MRM transitions was done with further DP and CE optimization. A specific set of MRM transitions were monitored for each period according to the metabolites eluted within this period.
"],"metabolite_name":["TG(12:0_12:0_18:0)","PE(O-18:1_18:0)","PA(20:1_20:4)","PC(O-16:1_20:4)","DG(18:0_18:1)","PS(18:1_22:4)","TG(14:0_18:3_20:4)","FFA(18:0)","PG(18:0_18:2)","TG(16:0_17:1_20:4)","PS(23:0_20:4)","Cer(t24:1/32:1(2OH))","Cer(d27:2/32:1(2OH))","PG(16:1_16:1)","TG(14:0_18:0_18:1)","PE(20:2_18:0)","Cer(d26:1/31:1(2OH))","Cer(d17:1/16:0)","PI(18:0_20:4)","PE(O-16:1_22:1)","PA(20:1_20:3)","DG(18:0_18:0)","PS(18:1_22:5)","DG(16:1_16:1)","LPC(18:1/0:0)","PE(O-18:1_18:1)","FFA(18:1)","TG(14:0_18:3_20:5)","PC(12:0_16:0)","Cer(t20:2/36:2(2OH))","PE(15:1_22:3)","TG(16:2_18:2_18:3)","TG(14:0_18:0_18:2)","TG(17:1_18:1_20:4)","PI(18:0_20:5)","Cer(d28:2/29:0(2OH))","Cer(d18:2/24:0)","PC(12:0_16:3)","LNAPE(16:1/N-16:0)","PC(20:5_18:0)","TG(15:0_16:0_24:1)","TG(16:1_18:1_20:3)","LNAPE(18:1/N-17:0)","PS(19:2_20:4)","TG(18:0_18:2_20:0)","TG(18:2_20:4_20:4)","PE(18:1_22:1)","TG(10:0_16:2_18:2)","Cer(t26:1/30:2(2OH))","TG(21:0_18:1_18:2)","PA(18:2_22:2)","PS(18:0_17:1)","TG(12:0_16:2_18:2)","SM(d18:1/15:0)","Carnitine C12:1-2OH","TG(18:1_18:2_24:5)","LPC(20:4/0:0)","Cer(d30:3/29:0(2OH))","TG(16:0_16:1_16:1)","TG(18:0_18:2_20:3)","PE(O-16:1_22:6)","PI(17:0_18:1)","PI(20:4_20:4)","PS(18:0_20:1)","TG(18:1_18:1_19:1)","PS(18:0_19:2)","TG(14:1_16:0_16:1)","Cer(d17:3/42:2(2OH))","PC(10:0_22:1)","PE(P-18:0_18:2)","LPE(0:0/18:0)","TG(16:0_18:0_18:1)","TG(18:1_18:1_20:1)","Carnitine C18:0","PI(15:0_19:2)","PE(18:2_16:0)","Cer(d21:1/36:0(2OH))","TG(18:0_18:2_20:2)","FFA(28:0)","Carnitine C18:1","TG(17:2_18:2_18:3)","TG(18:0_18:2_20:4)","TG(18:1_22:1_18:2)","HexCer(t17:2/42:1(2OH))","PI(17:0_20.4)","PG(16:0_22:1)","Cer(d27:3/32:0(2OH))","PC(10:0_22:0)","PE(19:0_18:2)","PE(P-18:0_18:1)","TG(15:0_16:1_18:1)","LPC(22:5/0:0)","PG(16:0_22:0)","Cer(d21:2/38:2(2OH))","TG(17:1_18:1_22:2)","LPE(0:0/18:1)","PE(18:1_20:2)","PI(15:0_19:1)","TG(16:0_18:0_18:2)","DG(16:0_22:6)","PA(16:0_18:0)","PS(18:2_18:1)","LPC(20:3/0:0)","PG(16:0_22:2)","TG(22:0_18:1_18:1)","TG(14:0_16:0_22:5)","LPE(P-16:0)","FFA(16:0)","PE(O-20:0_18:1)","TG(16:1_18:1_22:1)","Cer(d23:2/34:0(2OH))","LPE(0:0/18:2)","TG(18:1_18:2_22:6)","LPS(20:1/0:0)","PE(18:1_20:3)","HexCer(t14:1/24:1(2OH))","TG(12:0_15:0_18:1)","TG(15:0_16:1_18:2)","PI(18:0_20:2)","Cer(t18:1/36:2(2OH))","TG(15:1_15:1_19:2)","TG(12:0_18:1_18:3)","PC(15:0_16:0)","PE(O-16:1_22:5)","PE(22:3_20:4)","PS(15:1_22:5)","SM(d18:1/25:0)","PG(16:0_22:3)","PI(12:0_19:2)","TG(14:1_14:1_16:1)","FFA(16:1)","LNAPE(22:4/N-18:2)","Cer(d17:2/40:0(2OH))","TG(10:0_15:0_16:0)","Cer(d29:2/30:2(2OH))","PA(20:2_22:5)","PE(18:1_20:4)","TG(12:0_15:0_18:2)","PC(O-18:1_18:2)","PI(18:0_20:3)","TG(15:0_16:1_18:3)","TG(8:0_14:0_18:1)","PE(22:0_18:1)","Cer(t26:2/34:2(2OH))","TG(16:0_17:1_22:6)","PE(20:1_16:0)","Cer(t20:2/38:1(2OH))","PE(O-20:1_18:1)","TG(14:0_16:1_18:2)","TG(18:0_18:0_18:1)","PC(18:0_18:0)","PI(18:1_22:3)","PE(16:0_18:1)","FFA(26:2)","PE(18:1_24:1)","PS(19:0_18:2)","TG(8:0_14:0_18:0)","PE(22:0_18:2)","TG(17:1_17:1_24:6)","TG(14:0_16:1_18:1)","TG(16:1_18:1_22:2)","PE(O-20:1_18:2)","PC(18:0_18:1)","SM(d18:1/17:0)","DG(20:0_18:2)","PE(O-16:1_24:4)","PC(16:0_17:0)","PE(16:0_18:0)","DG(18:2_20:1)","LPS(18:0/0:0)","PG(12:0_16:1)","Cer(d26:3/33:1(2OH))","PA(22:1_18:2)","TG(11:0_18:1_18:2)","PS(21:2_20:4)","TG(14:1_16:1_18:2)","FFA(26:0)","TG(19:1_18:2_18:2)","PE(17:0_20:4)","PC(16:1_16:1)","PE(20:2_16:0)","TG(8:0_16:0_18:3)","LPC(16:0/0:0)","FFA(24:6)","PE(16:0_18:3)","TG(18:1_20:2_18:3)","TG(14:1_16:1_18:3)","PG(18:0_16:3)","TG(17:1_18:1_24:2)","Cer(t30:2/28:2(2OH))","Cer(d18:1/38:2(2OH))","Cer(d15:1/42:0(2OH))","LPG(18:0/0:0)","TG(14:0_16:1_18:3)","TG(8:0_16:0_18:2)","Cer(d26:2/31:0(2OH))","TG(18:1_16:2_20:5)","TG(16:0_26:0_18:1)","PE(22:6_18:0)","PG(19:0_20:4)","TG(16:0_20:0_18:1)","PG(18:1_18:3)","PS(12:0_15:1)","PG(12:0_18:1)","TG(10:0_18:1_18:2)","PE(18:2_22:1)","FFA(14:0)","Cer(d30:2/29:1(2OH))","TG(18:0_20:1_22:0)","LPE(P-18:0)","Glycocholic acid","PC(18:1_18:1)","TG(16:1_18:1_24:1)","PE(P-16:0_22:4)","TG(12:0_16:1_18:2)","PE(O-18:2_18:2)","LPG(18:2/0:0)","DG(18:1_18:2)","Carnitine C5:0","FFA(24:4)","PE(O-20:3_20:4)","TG(14:1_16:1_18:1)","LPE(P-18:1)","TG(18:0_20:1_22:1)","TG(19:0_18:1_20:1)","PE(13:0_15:0)","Cer(d15:1/42:1(2OH))","PI(12:0_22:4)","TG(16:0_24:0_16:1)","PC(20:2_20:4)","TG(16:1_18:1_22:6)","Cer(t20:1/38:2(2OH))","PG(10:0_14:0)","Taurochenodeoxycholic acid","DG(O-19:0_16:0)","TG(20:0_18:2_18:2)","Cer(d18:1/40:2(2OH))","PC(O-18:1_16:0)","PG(18:1_18:1)","PE(12:0_22:4)","PE(O-18:1_18:2)","TG(16:1_18:2_22:6)","PE(O-19:1_20:4)","TG(10:0_12:0_18:2)","TG(16:0_16:1_22:6)","TG(17:0_18:0_18:1)","FFA(24:2)","PE(P-16:0_22:6)","LPE(0:0/16:0)","PC(18:0_18:2)","TG(14:0_15:0_18:1)","PI(18:0_22:4)","TG(18:0_18:1_19:1)","TG(10:0_18:1_18:3)","PE(18:1_22:5)","DG(18:0_18:2)","Cer(d17:1/40:1(2OH))","TG(10:0_12:0_18:1)","PS(12:0_15:0)","PG(18:0_18:1)","TG(16:0_16:1_22:5)","TG(13:0_16:2_18:2)","TG(8:0_14:0_16:0)","HexCer(t17:2/34:2(2OH))","PC(18:1_18:2)","PE(P-16:0_22:5)","TG(14:0_16:0_20:4)","PS(15:0_20:4)","TG(16:0_16:0_22:6)","TG(14:0_15:0_18:2)","TG(14:1_18:2_20:4)","9,10-DiHOME","TG(12:0_15:0_16:0)","PI(18:0_22:5)","DG(18:1_18:1)","PE(O-18:2_18:1)","PC(19:0_20:4)","TG(14:1_16:1_16:2)","TG(18:1_20:2_22:4)","PE(20:1_18:2)","Coenzyme Q9","PG(12:0_14:1)","TG(16:0_18:4_20:5)","FFA(24:0)","PC(18:0_20:3)","PS(21:0_18:3)","TG(18:0_18:1_20:1)","Carnitine C12:1","TG(16:0_18:2_22:6)","TG(16:1_18:2_18:2)","Cer(d24:1/33:1(2OH))","PS(18:0_22:6)","PC(16:0_14:0)","TG(16:0_17:1_26:1)","PS(13:0_17:2)","LPC(16:1/0:0)","PA(18:0_18:1)","PC(13:0_14:0)","TG(16:1_16:1_18:1)","TG(16:0_16:1_22:3)","TG(14:0_17:2_18:2)","PE(20:1_18:1)","TG(16:1_18:2_18:3)","PE(17:0_18:2)","FFA(24:1)","PS(16:0_17:0)","PC(18:0_20:4)","TG(18:0_18:1_20:0)","Cer(t22:2/34:2(2OH))","PS(18:0_22:5)","PE(O-17:1_20:4)","PI(18:1_18:2)","PE(18:0_22:5)","PI(17:2_21:2)","TG(15:0_18:1_18:2)","TG(18:0_18:1_20:4)","PC(18:2_20:0)","TG(16:1_16:1_18:2)","LPI(18:2/0:0)","PE(O-16:1_16:0)","PI(18:0_14:1)","PE(17:0_18:1)","Cer(d23:3/36:1(2OH))","TG(15:0_16:0_18:1)","TG(18:1_18:2_18:4)","PI(16:0_18:1)","TG(17:0_18:1_18:2)","PE(18:0_22:4)","TG(8:0_16:0_16:1)","FFA(22:4)","TG(8:0_16:0_16:0)","PA(20:0_22:4)","TG(14:1_16:1_16:1)","PC(18:2_19:2)","PE(18:2_19:1)","TG(20:1_18:3_18:3)","PE(O-16:1_16:1)","PG(18:2_21:2)","TG(18:0_18:1_20:3)","Cer(d30:2/29:0(2OH))","PS(14:0_21:0)","TG(16:1_16:1_18:3)","TG(16:0_16:1_22:1)","Cholesterol","PC(18:0_20:2)","PE(20:3_18:0)","FFA(22:5)","PG(16:0_18:1)","PS(21:0_18:2)","TG(15:0_24:0_18:1)","TG(15:0_16:0_18:0)","PC(17:0_18:1)","TG(16:1_16:1_16:2)","PA(22:1_20:4)","PE(12:0_14:0)","Cer(t28:2/30:2(2OH))","Cer(d18:1/24:1)","PS(18:2_22:5)","PA(20:3_22:5)","DG(18:2_20:4)","PG(16:0_16:0)","TG(16:1_20:4_20:5)","LPC(0:0/22:4)","TG(18:1_18:2_18:2)","TG(14:1_18:2_18:2)","SM(d18:1/18:0)","Cer(d27:1/30:0(2OH))","TG(16:0_18:1_20:1)","TG(18:1_20:1_20:1)","PC(17:0_18:2)","TG(8:0_16:0_18:1)","FFA(22:2)","TG(17:0_18:3_18:3)","FFA(32:6)","LNAPE(22:5/N-20:2)","Cer(t20:2/38:2(2OH))","PE(14:0_18:1)","PE(O-16:1_18:1)","TG(16:0_16:1_20:5)","PC(16:0_24:0)","Cer(d18:1/24:2)","Cer(d18:0/19:1)","LPC(0:0/22:5)","DG(14:0_20:0)","TG(15:0_16:0_18:2)","TG(14:1_18:2_18:3)","TG(16:0_16:0_20:2)","TG(18:1_18:2_18:3)","TG(18:1_20:1_20:2)","MG(18:0)","FFA(22:3)","PI(19:0_17:2)","TG(18:0_18:3_20:2)","PC(18:2_20:4)","TG(18:1_20:2_20:4)","TG(16:0_18:1_19:1)","Cer(d25:1/34:2(2OH))","TG(16:0_16:1_20:4)","TG(20:1_22:1_18:4)","PE(20:1_18:0)","PG(16:0_16:2)","PE(P-16:0_20:4)","LPC(18:0/0:0)","LPC(O-18:0)","TG(16:0_15:1_18:2)","TG(18:2_18:3_20:4)","FFA(22:0)","DG(18:2_20:2)","TG(10:0_14:0_18:3)","Cer(d26:3/33:0(2OH))","PE(18:2_20:2)","PC(18:2_20:3)","PA(12:0_20:5)","PA(16:0_22:5)","PC(16:0_22:5)","DG(18:2_20:3)","DG(O-21:0_16:0)","TG(16:0_16:0_20:4)","LPC(O-18:1)","TG(16:0_20:1_21:1)","PE(18:0_20:5)","FFA(22:1)","PE(16:0_17:1)","PS(18:1_20:2)","TG(14:0_15:0_16:0)","FFA(10:0)","TG(18:0_18:1_22:4)","PE(P-18:0_22:4)","CerP(d18:1/20:3)","TG(16:0_16:1_20:1)","PC(18:0_22:5)","PG(16:1_18:3)","TG(16:1_18:1_16:3)","DG(16:0_20:1)","Carnitine C16:0","PI(18:2_16:0)","FFA(20:4)","Cer(d25:1/32:1(2OH))","PE(O-17:1_22:5)","PG(18:1_21:1)","PS(18:1_20:3)","PS(18:0_20:4)","TG(18:1_24:1_18:2)","LNAPE(20:4/N-22:4)","SM(d18:1/23:0)","TG(18:0_18:1_22:3)","PC(O-16:0_18:2)","Cer(d27:1/30:1(2OH))","TG(16:0_16:1_20:0)","Cer(d17:1/42:2(2OH))","PI(16:0_16:0)","PG(12:0_22:5)","PG(16:1_18:2)","TG(10:0_14:0_16:0)","DG(16:0_20:0)","PE(O-17:1_22:4)","FFA(20:5)","PG(18:1_21:2)","TG(15:0_18:2_18:3)","Cer(d27:1/32:2(2OH))","PS(18:1_19:1)","PC(O-16:1_18:2)","PA(20:1_22:4)","PS(18:0_20:3)","TG(16:0_18:1_20:4)","FFA(32:1)","PE(12:0_16:0)","PS(17:0_18:1)","TG(13:0_18:1_18:2)","TG(16:0_23:0_18:1)","PS(18:1_20:0)","TG(18:0_18:1_22:6)","TG(16:0_17:0_18:1)","PE(20:4_18:0)","TG(14:0_18:0_20:2)","TG(18:1_20:1_22:1)","FFA(20:2)","PI(19:0_20:4)","TG(16:0_17:1_18:2)","TG(18:0_18:2_22:4)","PS(18:1_19:2)","TG(15:0_18:2_18:2)","PC(18:2_22:1)","TG(18:0_18:0_22:6)","PC(16:0_22:0)","PE(12:0_16:1)","Cer(d18:1/24:0)","TG(18:0_18:1_22:5)","PS(18:1_20:1)","TG(16:0_18:0_22:6)","PE(P-18:0_22:5)","Cer(d21:1/36:1(2OH))","TG(16:0_17:1_18:1)","Cer(d23:3/36:0(2OH))","PC(18:0_22:4)","TG(12:0_14:0_18:0)","PA(18:0_21:0)","TG(16:0_18:1_20:2)","TG(14:0_18:1_20:2)","FFA(20:3)","DG(21:0_16:0)","PC(10:0_18:0)","TG(20:0_18:1_22:5)","Cer(t26:2/32:2(2OH))","DG(16:1_20:2)","TG(16:0_18:1_22:4)","PA(20:0_20:3)","PS(18:2_20:3)","Cer(d22:1/35:0(2OH))","PC(16:0_20:3)","Cer(d26:1/31:0(2OH))","FFA(19:1)","LPS(20:4/0:0)","PA(19:0_20:4)","Carnitine C6-2OH","TG(15:0_17:0_19:2)","TG(16:1_16:1_24:5)","Cer(t29:1/27:1(2OH))","Carnitine C14:0","TG(12:0_14:0_18:1)","TG(15:0_16:0_16:1)","TG(16:0_16:0_17:0)","TG(16:1_18:1_18:1)","Cer(t21:2/35:1(2OH))","PE(O-22:1_18:1)","12,13-EpOME","PI(18:0_18:2)","PI(18:1_18:1)","PG(13:0_13:1)","TG(16:0_18:1_22:3)","PA(20:0_20:4)","TG(18:0_18:2_22:6)","Cer(d18:1/22:0)","PS(17:1_18:1)","PE(O-17:2_20:4)","PE(18:1_17:2)","LPC(20:5/0:0)","PI(13:0_18:1)","PE(P-18:0_20:5)","LPC(0:0/20:2)","TG(8:0_18:1_18:2)","PC(16:0_20:4)","LPG(18:1/0:0)","TG(14:1_16:1_22:6)","TG(18:0_16:1_20:1)","PE(20:2_18:3)","TG(12:0_14:0_18:2)","PE(O-22:1_18:2)","Cer(d25:1/32:0(2OH))","TG(15:0_16:0_16:0)","FFA(20:1)","DG(16:0_20:4)","PG(16:0_18:3)","TG(18:1_20:1_22:4)","PC(18:1_22:5)","MG(16:0)","PS(18:1_20:4)","PA(20:2_20:3)","PG(14:0_16:1)","PC(16:0_20:1)","TG(18:1_17:2_19:2)","PE(20:5_18:1)","PI(13:0_18:2)","PI(18:0_18:1)","PE(15:1_22:4)","TG(20:0_18:2_22:4)","PA(18:1_18:1)","Cer(d29:1/30:2(2OH))","PS(23:0_18:1)","PG(22:0_18:1)","TG(24:0_18:1_18:1)","PG(22:1_18:2)","TG(16:1_18:1_18:3)","PE(P-18:1_20:4)","PC(15:1_18:1)","PA(20:2_20:4)","PS(18:3_20:3)","TG(16:0_18:1_22:1)","DG(16:0_20:3)","TG(18:1_20:1_22:5)","PS(17:2_18:2)","TG(16:0_18:2_20:4)","FFA(19:0)","TG(18:1_20:3_22:4)","TG(17:1_18:1_20:1)","PC(16:0_20:2)","PS(18:2_20:4)","LNAPE(18:1/N-18:2)","PE(13:0_19:2)","TG(18:0_16:2_20:2)","PA(18:1_18:2)","PI(13:1_18:1)","TG(16:1_16:1_24:6)","TG(15:0_16:1_16:1)","TG(24:0_18:1_18:2)","TG(16:1_18:1_18:2)","TG(17:1_18:1_20:2)","Cer(d21:3/38:0(2OH))","TG(16:0_18:1_22:0)","DG(16:0_20:2)","Cer(d24:1/33:0(2OH))","PE(P-18:2_20:4)","PS(23:0_18:2)","TG(16:0_18:2_20:5)","TG(15:0_18:1_22:6)","Cer(d23:2/36:1(2OH))","PS(18:0_18:1)","PC(O-16:0_16:1)","TG(20:1_18:2_18:3)","PC(19:0_18:2)","PC(18:1_19:2)","PE(16:0_20:4)","PS(15:0_18:2)","TG(15:1_18:1_18:3)","PA(20:0_16:1)","SHexCer(d18:1/24:0)","PC(18:1_20:0)","LPC(0:0/18:2)","TG(16:0_16:1_17:1)","HexCer(t29:1/29:1(2OH))","TG(15:0_18:1_24:1)","TG(16:0_18:1_24:1)","PE(12:0_18:1)","TG(16:0_19:2_20:4)","TG(8:0_16:1_16:1)","PS(18:0_18:0)","TG(14:0_20:0_20:4)","TG(18:2_20:2_22:6)","PE(16:2_18:2)","Cer(d29:1/28:2(2OH))","PC(18:0_15:1)","FFA(30:0)","PA(20:4_22:5)","PC(18:1_19:1)","PI(15:0_21:1)","Cer(d16:0/19:1)","PE(O-18:2_22:5)","TG(16:0_25:0_18:1)","PE(16:0_20:3)","TG(16:0_18:0_20:1)","Cer(d22:1/35:1(2OH))","TG(16:1_16:1_22:6)","PI(18:0_21:2)","TG(16:0_18:1_22:6)","Cer(d27:2/30:0(2OH))","TG(18:2_18:2_20:2)","PG(18:2_16:0)","TG(14:0_14:0_16:0)","Cer(d29:2/30:0(2OH))","TG(17:0_18:2_18:3)","PI(20:2_20:4)","Cer(t22:1/34:2(2OH))","TG(16:0_16:2_20:5)","PG(18:0_19:1)","PA(18:1_16:3)","PE(O-18:2_22:1)","PE(P-18:0_20:4)","PG(19:2_20:4)","FFA(17:1)","CerP(d18:1/24:1)","TG(14:0_17:1_18:2)","TG(10:0_16:0_18:3)","LPC(0:0/18:0)","PC(16:0_18:2)","Cer(t24:1/34:2(2OH))","TG(18:2_18:2_22:1)","PE(13:0_20:5)","TG(18:2_18:2_20:1)","TG(16:0_18:1_22:5)","CerP(d18:1/24:0)","PE(20:3_22:6)","TG(16:0_18:2_16:4)","TG(16:0_18:0_20:4)","PA(18:0_22:5)","TG(16:0_18:5_20:5)","PC(18:1_20:1)","PC(16:0_18:3)","TG(19:0_18:2_18:2)","TG(15:1_18:1_18:2)","LPE(18:1/0:0)","LPC(0:0/18:1)","TG(18:0_22:0_18:2)","PE(13:0_20:4)","PI(10:0_16:0)","SM(d18:1/24:0)","PS(17:1_20:4)","PE(20:0_18:1)","TG(17:1_18:1_18:2)","PE(O-18:2_20:5)","PC(13:0_18:1)","TG(16:0_18:2_18:3)","TG(14:0_16:1_17:1)","TG(10:0_16:0_18:1)","PG(22:0_16:1)","PE(16:1_16:0)","PA(18:0_22:4)","PC(18:1_20:4)","PC(14:1_18:1)","TG(15:0_18:1_22:1)","TG(10:0_14:0_14:1)","PC(16:0_18:0)","TG(16:0_18:2_18:4)","PE(P-18:1_22:6)","LPI(18:0/0:0)","PE(20:0_18:2)","TG(17:1_18:1_18:1)","PA(24:0_20:2)","FFA(17:0)","CerP(d18:1/22:0)","PC(13:0_18:0)","PA(16:1_22:6)","15-oxoETE","TG(14:0_14:1_18:1)","TG(10:0_16:0_18:2)","PE(16:1_16:1)","PE(O-20:1_22:4)","PE(O-16:0_18:2)","HexCer(t20:2/38:2(2OH))","TG(12:0_18:1_22:6)","LPE(20:4/0:0)","PG(18:0_20:2)","PC(16:0_18:1)","DG(17:1_18:2)","PA(20:1_18:2)","Cer(d19:3/40:1(2OH))","TG(16:0_18:1_24:4)","TG(15:0_19:2_19:2)","PE(O-15:1_20:4)","Cer(d25:3/34:1(2OH))","TG(18:1_18:1_18:2)","PS(18:0_18:3)","DG(18:1_20:4)","PE(24:0_20:4)","PE(16:0_22:5)","Cer(t18:1/40:2(2OH))","PE(P-18:2_18:2)","TG(20:1_18:2_18:0)","PS(16:0_20:3)","PE(O-16:0_18:1)","LPI(18:1/0:0)","PE(O-20:1_22:5)","Cer(t22:2/40:2(2OH))","PS(18:0_18:2)","PE(O-18:2_20:4)","PE(P-18:2_18:1)","TG(16:0_18:2_18:2)","PC(19:0_18:1)","PE(16:0_22:4)","PS(15:0_18:1)","LPI(20:3/0:0)","PA(20:0_18:2)","PC(14:1_18:2)","PG(18:0_20:4)","Cer(d17:1/40:0(2OH))","PE(O-18:1_20:4)","PA(12:0_22:4)","PE(O-18:2_20:1)","PS(20:0_18:1)","PC(15:1_22:4)","PA(16:0_20:2)","PC(20:4_17:0)","HexCer(t17:2/40:1(2OH))","TG(12:0_16:0_18:1)","DG(18:2_18:3)","PG(14:0_18:2)","LPC(O-16:0)","TG(16:1_16:1_20:5)","Cer(t18:2/38:2(2OH))","TG(16:0_20:1_18:2)","TG(8:0_16:1_18:2)","TG(18:0_20:2_18:3)","PC(24:0_18:1)","LPC(0:0/16:0)","PA(18:1_26:1)","TG(12:0_14:0_16:1)","PE(O-18:1_20:3)","DG(18:1_20:3)","PE(O-18:2_20:2)","PC(20:2_18:1)","TG(16:0_14:1_18:2)","TG(18:1_18:1_18:1)","PA(12:0_12:0)","DG(18:0_20:4)","PA(16:0_20:1)","Cer(t22:2/38:2(2OH))","LPE(18:0/0:0)","TG(12:0_16:0_18:2)","PC(17:1_18:2)","Cer(d18:1/16:1)","LPC(O-16:1)","PE(O-18:3_18:2)","DG(18:2_18:2)","TG(24:1_18:2_18:2)","PE(20:4_22:6)","PS(12:0_16:0)","PA(16:0_20:0)","TG(12:0_14:0_16:0)","TG(20:0_18:3_18:3)","DG(17:0_18:1)","PG(18:2_18:2)","DG(18:1_20:0)","Cer(d28:3/31:1(2OH))","PG(20:1_18:1)","Carnitine C5:1-2OH","PC(18:1_17:2)","PC(O-16:0_14:1)","PI(14:1_24:2)","PE(16:1_18:0)","TG(12:0_16:0_18:3)","PA(10:0_20:4)","TG(10:0_16:0_16:1)","PC(17:1_18:1)","Cer(d18:1/16:0)","TG(14:0_15:0_17:0)","Carnitine C2:0","PC(16:0_16:0)","PS(19:1_18:2)","TG(16:0_18:1_26:1)","PG(18:1_19:1)","PE(O-17:1_18:1)","FFA(15:0)","PE(O-18:1_20:1)","DG(18:1_20:1)","TG(16:1_16:2_18:2)","TG(18:1_21:1_18:2)","PI(16:0_20:4)","PI(18:2_20:4)","DG(18:0_20:2)","PG(20:1_18:2)","Cer(t18:1/38:2(2OH))","TG(18:0_17:1_18:1)","Cer(d29:2/28:0(2OH))","Cer(t18:2/38:1(2OH))","TG(8:0_16:1_18:1)","PC(20:3_18:1)","PC(16:0_16:1)","Cer(d17:2/42:1(2OH))","TG(15:0_16:1_20:4)","LNAPE(20:4/N-18:2)","PE(16:1_18:2)","TG(18:0_18:1_18:2)","Cer(d18:1/18:0)","PE(O-15:1_22:5)","PG(18:2_18:1)","TG(14:0_14:0_16:1)","LPE(22:4/0:0)","Cer(d21:1/38:2(2OH))","PI(18:0_13:1)","TG(17:0_18:1_18:1)","PS(21:0_20:4)","HexCer(t18:1/20:1(2OH))","PE(15:0_18:2)","PMeOH(18:0_18:2)","TG(18:2_18:2_22:4)","TG(18:0_18:1_18:1)","PC(18:3_18:1)","TG(17:0_19:2_19:2)","PA(12:0_22:6)","PE(17:2_20:3)","TG(14:0_16:1_20:4)","PE(O-18:3_18:1)","PS(18:0_16:1)","Cer(d18:1/21:0(2OH))","SM(d18:1/16:0)","LPS(18:2/0:0)","TG(18:2_18:3_22:6)","PG(12:0_17:1)","Cer(t20:2/40:2(2OH))","FFA(25:0)","PE(O-20:1_20:4)","DG(14:0_22:0)","TG(14:0_14:1_16:1)","TG(18:2_18:2_22:6)","Cer(d30:1/27:1(2OH))","PC(18:2_18:2)","PG(18:2_22:2)","PE(P-16:0_18:1)","PS(19:1_20:4)","TG(18:1_18:2_20:1)","TG(18:1_18:2_20:2)","TG(18:1_19:1_18:3)","PC(16:1_18:1)","Coenzyme 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"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Multi-omics Elucidates Gut Microbiota-Driven Mechanisms of Lipid Deposition in Pigs Fed a DDGS Diet","description":"Abstract:
Background: Corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) is a cost-effective alternative feed ingredient in swine diets. However, its negative impact on carcass fat quality, characterized by increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reduced fat firmness, fundamentally limits its practical application. The underlying mechanisms, particularly the role of the gut microbiota in driving these changes, remain unexplored.
Results: Through a 55-day feeding trial with 30% dietary DDGS, integrated multi-omics analyses revealed that DDGS feeding reshaped the gut microbiome, elevating the abundance of species such as Ruminococcus_unclassified. Concomitantly, backfat transcriptomics showed DDGS downregulated lipid catabolism genes (e.g., LIPG, CEL) and upregulated a key gluconeogenic gene (PCK1). This host transcriptional reprogramming aligned with lipidomic profiles showing increased triglycerides (TGs) and ceramides but decreased glycerophospholipids (GPs). Crucially, antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota perturbation (DA group) reversed or mitigated these DDGS-induced changes: it attenuated the rise in PUFAs and TGs, restored GP levels, and altered the expression of key metabolic genes (e.g., FADS2, SCD5). Metagenomic analysis confirmed that DDGS reduced the microbial genetic potential for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, a trend partially reversed by antibiotics. Correlation networks integrated differential microbes (e.g., Ruminococcus_unclassified), host genes, and lipids, delineating a potential microbial-host metabolic axis.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that dietary DDGS remodels the porcine gut microbiota, which in turn reprograms host gene expression in adipose tissue, ultimately driving altered lipid deposition. The reversal of these effects upon microbial disruption provides direct evidence that the gut microbiota is an essential mediator of DDGS-induced metabolic phenotypes in finishing pigs. This study offers a novel, microbiota-centric perspective for understanding and potentially modulating the nutritional implications of alternative feed ingredients.
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