First, the data matrix was preprocessed as follows: missing values were removed using the 80% rule, i.e., variables with non-zero values in more than 80% of at least one sample group were retained. Missing values were then imputed using the minimum value in the original matrix. To reduce errors caused by sample preparation and instrument instability, the response intensities of sample mass spectrometric peaks were normalized by total sum normalization to obtain a normalized data matrix. Meanwhile, variables with relative standard deviation (RSD) > 30% in QC samples were removed, and log10 transformation was performed to obtain the final data matrix for subsequent analysis.
Second, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed on the preprocessed data matrix using the ropls package (Version 1.6.2) in R, and 7-fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the stability of the models. Significantly differential metabolites were selected based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) values obtained from the OPLS-DA model and p-values from Student's t-test. Metabolites with VIP > 1 and p < 0.05 were considered significantly differential metabolites. The differential metabolites were annotated via the KEGG database (https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/pathway.html) for metabolic pathway annotation to obtain the pathways involved. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Python package scipy.stats, and the biological pathways most relevant to the experimental treatment were obtained by Fisher's exact test.
"],"repository":["MetaboLights"],"study_status":["Public"],"ptm_modification":[""],"instrument_platform":["Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse-phase","Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse-phase"],"chromatography_protocol":["A 3-µL sample was separated on an HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 µm) and then subjected to mass spectrometric detection. Mobile phase A was water/acetonitrile (95/5, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B was acetonitrile/isopropanol/water (47.5/47.5/5, v/v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate was 0.40 mL/min, and the column temperature was 40 °C.
"],"publication":["Moderate salinity restricts the transformation depth of norfloxacin by halotolerant Chlorella sp. AMC-2: Physiological adaptation and metabolic reprogramming."],"submitter_name":["tongchao qu"],"submitter_affiliation":["Xiamen University of Technology"],"organism_part":["plant cell"],"technology_type":["mass spectrometry assay"],"disease":[""],"extraction_protocol":["100 μL liquid sample was added to a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube with 800 μL solution
(acetonitrile: methanol = 1:1(v:v)) containing four internal standards (0.02 mg/mL
L-2-chlorophenylalanine, etc.) to extract metabolites. The samples were mixed by vortex for 30 s
and low-temperature sonicated for 30 min (5°C, 40 KHz). The samples were placed at -20°C for
30 min to precipitate the proteins. Then the samples were centrifuged for 15 min (4°C, 13000 g).
The supernatant was removed and blown dry under nitrogen. The sample was then re-solubilized
with 100 µL solution (acetonitrile: water = 1:1) and extracted by low-temperature ultrasonication
for 5 min (5°C, 40 KHz), followed by centrifugation at 13000 g and 4°C for 10 min.The
supernatant was transferred to sample vials for analysis.
"],"organism":["Chlorella"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS15888"],"author":["Xiaoya Liu. Xiamen University of Technology. xiaoyaliu@xmut.edu.cn.","Fanxing He. Xiamen University of Technology. 15759898162@163.com.","Tongchao Qu. qutongchao2002@163.com."],"data_transformation_protocol":["After LC-MS acquisition was completed, the raw data were imported into the metabolomics processing software Progenesis QI (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA) for baseline filtering, peak detection, integration, retention time correction, and peak alignment, ultimately generating a data matrix of retention time, m/z, and peak intensity.
"],"study_factor":["Salinity"],"submitter_email":["qutongchao2002@163.com"],"sample_collection_protocol":["Chlorella sp. AMC-2 was pre-cultured in BG11 medium and inoculated at an initial density of 1 × 10^6 cells/mL into 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 mL of synthetic aquaculture wastewater. The wastewater was supplemented with norfloxacin (NFX) at 100 μg/L, and salinity was adjusted to 1 or 15 ppt using NaCl. Cultures were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C under 200 μmol photons m^(-2) s^(-1) with a 12 h:12 h light/dark cycle and manually mixed three times per day. After 9 days of cultivation, algal cells were harvested by centrifugation (4,500 rpm, 5 min) and immediately flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen cell pellets were stored at −80 °C until metabolomic analysis. Three biological replicates were collected for each salinity treatment (1 ppt and 15 ppt).
"],"omics_type":["Metabolomics"],"study_design":["Metabolomics","Biotransformation、Transcriptomics、Metabolomics、Aquaculture wastewater","Chlorella","plant cell","untargeted analysis","UHPLC-Q-Exactive HF-X","UHPLC -Q Exactive HF-X","Microalgae","Norfloxacin","data-independent acquisition","Salinity"],"curator_keywords":["Metabolomics","Biotransformation、Transcriptomics、Metabolomics、Aquaculture wastewater","Chlorella","plant cell","untargeted analysis","UHPLC-Q-Exactive HF-X","UHPLC -Q Exactive HF-X","Microalgae","Norfloxacin","data-independent acquisition","Salinity"],"mass_spectrometry_protocol":["Mass spectrometric signal acquisition for the samples was performed in positive and negative ion scan modes, with a mass scan range of m/z 70–1050. The ion spray voltage was 3500 V in positive ion mode and −3000 V in negative ion mode. The sheath gas was set at 50 arb, the auxiliary heater gas at 13 arb, and the ion source heater temperature at 450 °C. The collision energy was cycled at 20–40–60 V.
"],"metabolite_name":["Lpg(19:1)","Ethyl Beta-D-Glucopyranoside","A-L-Arabinofuranosyl-(1->2)-[A-D-Mannopyranosyl-(1->6)]-D-Mannose","Uridine Monophosphate","4-Hydroxynonenal","Deoxyribose","L-Rhamnulose","Zalypsis","Glu-Leu","Spermine Nonoate","Dg(Pge2/I-13:0/0:0)","Glucose Pyruvate Lactate","Dg(Pgj2/A-13:0/0:0)","2-Aminomuconic Acid Semialdehyde","16-Acetylpriverogenin A","20-Hydroxy-6Z,15Z-Eicosadienoic Acid","L-Xylulose","(3B,6B,8A,12A)-8,12-Epoxy-7(11)-Eremophilene-6,8,12-Trimethoxy-3-Ol","P-Cresol Glucuronide","Monensin","Ethyl Myristate","12'-Apo-B-Carotene-3,12'-Diol","Biotin","Simmondsin 2'-Ferulate","Corepoxylone","Physapubescin","D-Psicose","Cnidilide","Hesperidin Methylchalcone","Androsterone Glucuronide","Trans-4,5-Epoxy-2(E)-Decenal","Hexafluoroacetylacetone","Diflunisal Glucuronide Ester","Bafilomycin A1(Baf-A1)","Delimotecan","Pantothenic Acid","(-)-Deoxypodophyllotoxin","Malvidin 3-(6''-Acetyl-Galactoside)","Pgb3","Udp-Galactose","Ibuprofen Glucuronide","Udp-N-Acetylmuraminate","Beta-Tocotrienol","Dg(Pgd2/I-13:0/0:0)","Dihydroguaiaretic Acid","Epoxymurin A","Veranisatin A","Glutaric Acid","2-Hydroxypalmitic Acid","Pseudouridine","Fexofenadine","Maltopentaose","Ochromycinone","Monic Acid","Blumealactone C","Farnesol","2-Keto-3-Deoxy-D-Gluconic Acid","Guanosine","Benzoyl Glucuronide (Benzoic Acid)","Glyceraldehyde","3,7-Dimethyluric Acid","Dodecanedioic Acid","Dihydrocortisol","3''-Deamino-3''-Oxonicotianamine","Delphinidin 3-Caffeoylglucoside","3-Hydroxybutyric Acid","Cytochalasin B","Hexadecanedioic Acid","Malonic Acid","Alpha-Bisabolol Oxide A","Alpha-Carboxy-Delta-Nonalactone","Pi(6 Keto-Pgf1Alpha/20:2(11Z,14Z))","Sqdg(16:0/16:0)","Lpg(18:1)","Pressinoic Acid","N-(Gamma-Glutamyl)Ethanolamine","Mosinone A","2-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid","2-Hydroxypentanoic Acid","Uridine","Lpe(19:1)","Lpg(18:2)","L-2-Amino-3-(1-Pyrazolyl)Propanoic Acid","Hydroxycortisol","Dg(Txb2/I-13:0/0:0)","2-O-Methyl-L-Fucose","2'-C-Methylcytidine","Isoscoparin 2''-(6-(E)-Ferulylglucoside)","7,11,12-Triacetoxycoumestan","D-Erythrose","Gamma-Glutamylisoleucine","3-Hexylsalicylic Acid","Deoxythymidine Diphosphate-L-Rhamnose","4-(Butoxymethyl)-2-Methoxyphenol","Isoeriocitrin","Fumaric Acid","Norchelerythrine","Pe(17:0/0:0)","Alpha-Guttiferin","24,25-Epoxywithanolide D","Lpa(16:1)","Isoketocamphoric Acid","12,13-Dihome","Deoxyguanylic Acid","3-Polyprenyl-4-Hydroxy-5-Methoxybenzoate","Sucrose","Sialyl Lea Tetra","Lactose-Lysine","Ala-Leu","Hexadecanedioic Acid Mono-L-Carnitine Ester","4-[(4'-O-Acetyl-Alpha-L-Rhamnosyloxy)Benzyl]Isothiocyanate","D-1-[(3-Carboxypropyl)Amino]-1-Deoxyfructose","Dg(Pge2/I-12:0/0:0)","Saicar","(1R,2R,3S,1'R)-Nepetalinic Acid","2-Hydroxy-3-Methylpentanoic Acid","Albaconazole","15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A","Glabric Acid","Norethindrone Acetate","Dg(Pge2/A-15:0/0:0)","1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate","12-Oxo-2,3-Dinor-10,15-Phytodienoic Acid","Butofilolol","S-Glutaryldihydrolipoamide","N-Malonyltryptophan","Ascorbic Acid","8-Oxohexadecanoic Acid","L-Malic Acid","16-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine","Tolmetin","N2-(1-Carboxyethyl)-2'-Deoxyguanosine","Secoeremopetasitolide A","Caprylic Acid","Trehalose","Zearalenone","(S)-10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic Acid","Momordicine Iii","Nivalenol","Levoglucosan","Methylhexahydrophthalic Anhydride","(3B,16A,21B,22A)-12-Oleanene-3,16,21,23,28-Pentol-22-Angeloyloxy-23-Al","Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate","Tetradecanedioic Acid","Glucoliquiritin Apioside","Bisdethiobis(Methylthio)Gliotoxin","2-Hydroxy-4-Methylvaleric Acid","Xi-Linalool 3-[Rhamnosyl-(1->6)-Glucoside]","1,4-Dihydro-2-Methylbenzoicacid","Dg(5-Iso Pgf2Vi/0:0/13:0)","11-Oxahexadecanolide","9-Hydroxy-10,12-Octadecadienoic Acid","Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate","Manninotriose","Ajugose","Acoric Acid","Gulonic Acid","Suberic Acid","Aesculin","Cilengitide","2,3-Dinor, 6-Keto-Pgf1Alpha","6'-Sialyllactosamine","19-Hydroxycinnzeylanol 19-Glucoside","Canavalioside","Udp-N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine","Sterol","1-(1-Methylindol-5-Yl)-3-(3-Methyl-1,2-Thiazol-5-Yl)Urea","Dg(Pgf1Alpha/0:0/I-13:0)","W Hydroxy Testosterone","Gossypetin 8-Glucoside 3-Sulfate","Biflorin","Astaxanthin","Sedanonic Acid","(S)-2-Acetamido-3-(4-Chlorophenyl)Propanoic Acid","1-Ipomeanol","Sterebin B","4-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-Propenyl)-1,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-7-Prenylxanthone","Uridine Diphosphate-N-Acetylgalactosamine","Exo,Exo-1,8-Epoxy-P-Menthane-2,6-Diol","D-Erythrose 4-Phosphate","Arkofix","D-Ribulose 5-Phosphate","Annonisin","(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-Ethyloxane-2,3,4,5-Tetrol","1,4-Ipomeadiol","Stachyose","N-Undecylbenzenesulfonic Acid","(E)-3-(Tetrahydro-5,5-Dimethyl-2-Furanyl)-2-Buten-1-Ol","Eriocitrin","Dezinamide","Meglutol","4Beta-Hydroxywithanolide E","Dodeca-5,7-Dienedioylcarnitine","Cytidine","Alphachloralose","Glutamic Acid","(2R)-Naringenin 8-C-Alpha-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside","Tsugaric Acid B","Oxoglutaric Acid","Milbemycin Beta1","Mangiferin","Sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine","3Z-Dodecenedioic Acid","Alanyl-Aspartic Acid","Mertansine","Coformycin","Nuatigenin","Nicotinic Acid Mononucleotide","12-Hhtre","4-Amino-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid","11-Dihydro-12-Norneoquassin","4-Vinylcyclohexene Dioxide","Pirmenol","Arabsin","Traumatic Acid","Isonicotinic Acid","Glycerol 3-Phosphate","Milbemycin A4","2-Keto-L-Gluconate","Milbemycin A3","2-Polyprenyl-3-Methyl-5-Hydroxy-6-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoquinone","Goshonoside F4","Fluroxene","Prenyl Glucoside","Ethisterone","Kaempferide 3-Glucoside-7-Rhamnoside","Pinometostat","Glycolic Acid","1,2-Cyclohexanediol, 1-Methyl-4-(1-Methylethenyl)-","Geldanamycin","2-Formamidobenzoic Acid","3B,15B,17A-Trihydroxy-Pregnenone","Dibutyl Phthalate","Dg(Pgj2/A-15:0/0:0)","Phloionolic Acid","D-Sorbitol","Beta-Thujene","Kamolonol","Falcarindiol","N-[4-[Acetyl(3-Aminopropyl)Amino]Butyl]-N-(3-Aminopropyl)Acetamide","Lpc(17:1)","Cohibin B","Dg(6 Keto-Pgf1Alpha/0:0/A-17:0)","Dg(Pgf2Alpha/0:0/10:0)","Carbamoyl (2R)-2,5-Diaminopentanoate","Ritobegron","Mg(Pgf2Alpha/0:0/0:0)","(9S,10S)-9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoate","6-Hydroxynicotinic Acid","9(S)-Hotre","P-Coumaroyltriacetic Acid Lactone","Ethylenediamine-N,N'-Diacetic Acid","1-Heneicosanoyl-Glycero-3-Phosphoserine","Lubiminol","N-Carboxyacetyl-D-Phenylalanine","Octyl Gallate","D-3-Phenyllactic Acid","Alpha-Cyclodextrin","Ethyl Glucuronide","Tridecanedioic Acid","2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-Methyl-N-(Trifluoroacetyl)Acetamide","Lpe(16:1)","Val-Ile","Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid","Ile-Pro","2-Hydroxysebacic Acid","(-)-Alpha-Curcumene","Cis-Murisolinone","Annoglacin A","Carthamoside A1","Dihydrolipoate","Galactinol","Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide","Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide","2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid","Zeranol","Lpe(16:0)","3'-O-Methylgancaonin P","Pg(36:2)","Dg(Pgj2/I-12:0/0:0)","Inosinic Acid","N-(N-L-Gamma-Glutamyl-S-Nitroso-L-Cysteinyl)Glycine","Maltotetraose","Undecylenic Acid","Cortol","Lpc(16:1)","Phaseol","Met-Enkephalinamide","4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid","Annonacin","3-Hydroxypicolinic Acid","Gibberellin A39","Persicaxanthin","Sedoheptulose 7-Phosphate","Citric Acid","7-Methylinosine","13-Hpotre","7,12-Dihydroxy-3,11,15,23-Tetraoxolanost-8-En-26-Oic Acid","1-Chloro-Diethylcarbamoyl-1-Propen-2-Yl Dimethyl Phosphate","Ribonic Acid","16Beta-Oh-Dhea Sulfate","Succinic Acid","6B-Hydroxy-8A-Methoxy-7(11)-Eremophilen-12,8-Olide","Lpc(16:0)","Dihydrojasmonic Acid","Falcarinone","(3B,9R)-5-Megastigmene-3,9-Diol 9-[Apiosyl-(1->6)-Glucoside]","Stizolamine","8-Hydroxy-4(6)-Lactarene-5,14-Diol","Fructose-6-Phosphate","2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid","Laurenobiolide","Serylserine","Tetranorprostanedioic Acid","Gluconolactone","Glycyrol","Lpe(14:0)","Methyl Jasmonate","Cyperolone","Dg(5-Iso Pgf2Vi/0:0/A-13:0)","Gardenin B","N-Nervonoyl Phenylalanine","Oleanderolide 3-Acetate","Acetazolamide","5-Pentyltetrahydro-2-Oxo-3-Furancarboxylic Acid","Trodusquemine","Moracin M","Peperinic Acid","Alpha-Linolenic Acid","Menthyl Pyrrolidone Carboxylate","Galactosylsphingosine","Threonic Acid","Epidihydrophaseic Acid","Lpe(15:0)","Alpha-Methyl-M-Tyrosine","Threo-Syringoylglycerol","S-(2-Oxo-2-Carboxyethyl)Homocysteine","Benazeprilat","Canrenone","Glycerophosphoinositol","Cavipetin A","Enoxacin","Gly-Phe","Verbascose","Kanzonol F","3-(3-Indolyl)-2-Oxopropanoic Acid","(4R,5S,7R,11S)-11,12-Dihydroxy-1(10)-Spirovetiven-2-One 11-Glucoside","N-Palmitoyl Cysteine","Dihydro-3-(1-Octenyl)-2,5-Furandione","L-Serine","Inosine","Lactupicrin","20-Cooh Ltb4","9-Oxo-Nonanoic Acid","2-Ethylsuberic Acid","Gartanin","Neryl Rhamnosyl-Glucoside","Glucose 6-Phosphate","4-[(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl)Amino]Butanoic Acid","N-[(4E,8Z)-1,3-Dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-Dien-2-Yl]Hexadecanamide 1-Glucoside","(8Z,11Z,13E,15S)-15-Hydroxyicosa-8,11,13-Trienoylcarnitine","Salicylic Acid","5-Aminovaleric Acid","Creatinine Aspartate","Cefcapene","Lpe(18:1)","Phosphoribosyl Formamidocarboxamide","Acetylleucine","Leucyl-Tryptophan","Naloxegol","15-Hexadecanolide","L-Ribulose","Flibanserin","N-Gamma-Glutamyl-S-(1-Propenyl)Cysteine","10-(2,3-Dihydroxypropoxy)-10-Oxodecanoic Acid","Withanolide 1","4-O,6-O-Benzylidene-Alpha-D-Glucopyranose","Leptomycin B","Thr-Asp","Dg(Pgj2/I-13:0/0:0)","Isopetasoside","5,9-Epidioxy-3-Hydroxyergost-7-En-6-One","Sterculic Acid","Valtrate","Favipiravir","Leurubicin","Delpazolid","Antcin K","Guanidinosuccinic Acid","Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Lys","Edrophonium","Lasalocid A","D-(-)-Fructose","Oridonin","3-Palmitoylcatechin","Cyclic Apt","Vignatic Acid A","Furostanol","Dg(Pge2/A-13:0/0:0)","Propionic Acid","13-Hotre","Lpe(18:3)","Sialyl Lex Tetra","Lpa(17:1)","2-Methylguanosine","Aclacinomycin S","4-Oxobutanoic Acid","Cinncassiol D4 2-Glucoside","Xanthine","Lpc(19:1)","Fraxin","13'-Carboxy-Gamma-Tocopherol","Coriolic Acid","Manidipine","Dg(Txb2/I-19:0/0:0)","Linoelaidic Acid","(22S)-Acetoxy-3Alpha,15Alpha-Dihydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-Trien-26-Oic Acid","Lpe(18:2)","Capsidiol","Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid","Margrapine B","Anisatin","Panatellin","Thymidine","3B-Hydroxy-6B-Methoxy-7(11)-Eremophilen-12,8A-Olide","Methylnoradrenaline","16-B1-Phytoprostane","2-Hydroxy-2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone","Galactaric Acid","Dg(Pgd1/A-13:0/0:0)","Melatonin Glucuronide","Dl-Arginine","Ipomeatetrahydrofuran","Alpha-Cehc","Hesperetin 7-(2,6-Dirhamnosylglucoside)","O-Desmethylvenlafaxine Glucuronide","Lpa(18:2)","5-Formamido-1-(5-Phospho-D-Ribosyl)Imidazole-4-Carboxamide(2-)","Nor-Noha","Inositol","Sebacic Acid","Garcimangosone C","Licoricone","(2,5-Dihydroxy-1H-Pyrrol-3-Yl) Prop-2-Enoate","L-Aspartic Acid","Alpha-D-Glucose","2-O-(6-Phospho-Alpha-Mannosyl)-D-Glycerate","Fipexide","Lpc(18:2)","Bufalin","Cascarillin","(E)-2-Methyl-2-Buten-1-Ol O-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside","3-Dehydroteasterone","Diosgenin","3-Hydroxymelatonin","3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine","Blumenol C O-[Rhamnosyl-(1->6)-Glucoside]","Sedoheptulose","Undecanedioic Acid","Lpa(18:3)","Loxapine","(4Z,7E,9E,13Z,16Z,19Z)-11-Hydroxydocosa-4,7,9,13,16,19-Hexaenoylcarnitine","Galactosylglycerol","4-Hydroxyproline Galactoside","Mangalkanyl Glucoside","(4E,15Z)-Bilirubin","Lpg(16:0)","Lpc(18:1)","Phe-Phe-Pro-Arg","N6-Carbamoyl-L-Threonyladenosine","Leu-Ser","Imexon","Cortisol 21-Mesylate","Pentafluorobenzoyl Acetate","Adenosine 3'-Monophosphate","Creatinine Citrate","Ganoderic Acid N","18-Dehydroursolic Acid 3-Arabinoside","Azelaic Acid","19-Oxoandrost-4-Ene-3,17-Dione","Tyrosyl-Phenylalanine","2-[(E)-2-(3-Nitrophenyl)Vinyl]Quinoline","Maltohexaose","Arctiopicrin","Dg(Pgj2/I-14:0/0:0)","2-Hydroxymyristic Acid","3-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)Piperazin-1-Yl)Methyl)-1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-B]Pyridine","Deoxycytidine","12-Hydroxyjasmonic Acid","Rafabegron","6-Thiouric Acid","Isopropyl Tartaric Acid","2,6,10,10-Tetramethyl-1-Oxaspiro[4.5]Decan-6-Ol","Opiorphin","Lpe(17:1)","28-Homobrassinolide"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Moderate salinity restricts the transformation depth of norfloxacin by halotolerant Chlorella sp. AMC-2: Physiological adaptation and metabolic reprogramming","description":"Despite increasing application of microalgae for antibiotic-contaminated aquaculture wastewater treatment, how salinity regulates antibiotic transformation depth and cellular adaptation remains unclear. This study combined salinity-gradient cultivation, process partitioning, transformation-product profiling, physiological assays, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to elucidate salinity-dependent norfloxacin (NFX) transformation by the halotolerant Chlorella sp. AMC-2. AMC-2 maintained growth at 1–15 ppt, whereas 25–35 ppt inhibited biomass accumulation. Compared with 1 ppt, the algal biomass at 15 ppt decreased by 23.2% on day 9, while NFX removal declined from 52.0% to 46.8%. Biotransformation became dominant earlier at 15 ppt, contributing 58.4% of NFX removal on day 5 versus 26.0% at 1 ppt. Transformation-product profiling showed comparable primary reactions at both salinities but restricted downstream ring cleavage and scaffold disruption at 15 ppt. At 15 ppt, ETRmax decreased by approximately 40%, while antioxidant defenses were enhanced and bound extracellular polymeric substances increased by approximately 38%. Genes related to proline biosynthesis (ALDH18A1, P5CS, proB, and proC) and antioxidant defense (SOD2, PRDX5, and GST) were upregulated, whereas genes associated with photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation (petA, petF, rbcL, and rbcS) were downregulated. Proline, ornithine, cadaverine, trehalose, and ADP accumulated, while TCA-cycle intermediates decreased. Together, physiological adaptation sustained primary NFX biotransformation under moderate salinity, whereas constrained electron transport, carbon fixation, and energy metabolism limited deeper structural degradation. These findings reveal a salinity-dependent divergence between parent NFX removal and transformation depth, providing a mechanistic basis for assessing microalgal treatment performance and transformation-product risks across freshwater, brackish, and marine aquaculture wastewater.","dates":{"publication":"2026-10-01","submission":"2026-10-01"},"accession":"MTBLS15888","cross_references":{"HMDB":["HMDB0001257;PW_C000971","HMDB0002322","HMDB0014672","HMDB0000182;PW_C000118","HMDB0001276","HMDB0000177;PW_C000116","HMDB0001325;PW_C001022","HMDB0000235;PW_C000158","HMDB0247896","HMDB0000988","HMDB0002039","HMDB0000192","HMDB0304303","HMDB0000630","HMDB0257052","HMDB0059664","HMDB0000167;PW_C000109","HMDB0028717","HMDB0001565","HMDB0060450","HMDB0000086","HMDB0000399;HMDB0001076;HMDB0060467","HMDB0253053","HMDB0002005;PW_C001342","HMDB0013716","HMDB0001370","HMDB0000131;PW_C000085","HMDB0000321","HMDB0031971","HMDB0000670","HMDB0000122;PW_C000077","HMDB0040649","HMDB0002520","HMDB0000048;HMDB0259486;PW_C000033","HMDB0252255","HMDB0006083","HMDB0003045","HMDB0252454","HMDB0257190","HMDB0248312","HMDB0003255","HMDB0004225","HMDB0015527","HMDB0252876","HMDB0244974","HMDB0002243","HMDB0000206","HMDB0249529","HMDB0002284","HMDB0258477","HMDB0028811","HMDB0000300;PW_C000204","HMDB0252807","HMDB0037115","HMDB0012154","HMDB0028695","HMDB0060449","HMDB0004825","HMDB0011718","HMDB0038516","HMDB0000172;PW_C000112","HMDB0260276","HMDB0302306","HMDB0028970","HMDB0000050;HMDB0247583;PW_C000034","HMDB0252449","HMDB0014340","HMDB0257980","HMDB0028734","HMDB0029135","HMDB0015212","HMDB0000159;PW_C000104","HMDB0258242","HMDB0006809","HMDB0259500","HMDB0029113","HMDB0028690","HMDB0000759","HMDB0259044","HMDB0014822","HMDB0028822","HMDB0094708","HMDB0011171","HMDB0011175","HMDB0000671","HMDB0256256","HMDB0060805","HMDB0041855","HMDB0061822","HMDB0028933","HMDB0252407","HMDB0014846","HMDB0011177","HMDB0028794","HMDB0028773","HMDB0242384","HMDB0033022","HMDB0254743","HMDB0260432","HMDB0304796","HMDB0000856","HMDB0240687","HMDB0094811","HMDB0303972","HMDB0251876","HMDB0252758","HMDB0247960","HMDB0303789","HMDB0303053","HMDB0249542","HMDB0028789","HMDB0253475","HMDB0249683","HMDB0034346","HMDB0060410","HMDB0040767","HMDB0257435","HMDB0246436","HMDB0256122","HMDB0002056","HMDB0248703","HMDB0302988","HMDB0013804","HMDB0248872","HMDB0014646","HMDB0256861","HMDB0258368","HMDB0041824","HMDB0011669","HMDB0034256","HMDB0031517","HMDB0030528","HMDB0040260","HMDB0250727","HMDB0032587","HMDB0015429","HMDB0302822;HMDB0036819","HMDB0006059","HMDB0039446","HMDB0303459","HMDB0001381;PW_C001068","HMDB0060746","HMDB0253174","HMDB0033960","HMDB0002725;LMST02010044","HMDB0035240","HMDB0034450;HMDB0302242;HMDB0034450","HMDB0060979","HMDB0004702","HMDB0013651","HMDB0259865","HMDB0000153;PW_C000100","HMDB0002294","HMDB0031964","HMDB0038798","HMDB0041404","HMDB0036976","HMDB0035164","HMDB0010387","HMDB0304284","HMDB0061572","HMDB0267760","HMDB0034084","HMDB0267614","HMDB0000879","HMDB0010388","HMDB0251303","HMDB0034081","HMDB0260511","HMDB0256070","HMDB0039150","HMDB0011626","HMDB0031462","HMDB0033728","HMDB0247308","HMDB0247653","HMDB0241937","HMDB0249541","HMDB0251489","HMDB0282350","HMDB0035506","HMDB0012273;LMFA08010009","HMDB0258277","HMDB0251974","HMDB0256851","HMDB0062712","HMDB0035821","HMDB0242443","HMDB0015655;HMDB0259471","HMDB0257869","HMDB0245663","HMDB0033089","HMDB0034146;LMFA08010003","HMDB0032740","HMDB0299197","HMDB0032097","HMDB0041179","HMDB0302963","HMDB0243972","HMDB0299333","HMDB0004198","HMDB0247556","HMDB0032323","HMDB0296634","HMDB0039598","HMDB0041879","HMDB0014838","HMDB0240375","HMDB0013645","HMDB0034229","HMDB0003233;LMPR01070274","HMDB0029598","HMDB0037043","HMDB0246554","HMDB0062190","HMDB0014866","HMDB0031659","HMDB0304803","HMDB0256095","HMDB0000583","HMDB0243971","HMDB0041220","HMDB0299605","HMDB0038388","HMDB0256188","HMDB0298986","HMDB0033608","HMDB0007527","HMDB0297324","HMDB0285371","HMDB0241908","HMDB0302880","HMDB0249243","HMDB0242645","HMDB0257364","HMDB0255084","HMDB0116428","HMDB0002789;LMPR01070261","HMDB0002117;LMFA08010004","HMDB0037543","HMDB0272120","HMDB0241952","HMDB0248021","HMDB0062302;LMFA03060092","HMDB0015185","HMDB0014961","HMDB0304288","HMDB0245914","HMDB0256449","HMDB0254205","HMDB0011517","HMDB0252848","HMDB0061047","HMDB0242418","HMDB0242598","HMDB0245878","HMDB0256016","HMDB0304813","HMDB0006760","HMDB0035528","HMDB0034061","HMDB0250804","HMDB0001008","HMDB0014372;PW_C008769","HMDB0013624","HMDB0034705","HMDB0035362","HMDB0242628","HMDB0251873","HMDB0036105","HMDB0030046","HMDB0243514","HMDB0003959","HMDB0004590","HMDB0001442","HMDB0037613","HMDB0112092","HMDB0002122","HMDB0000063;LMST02030001;PW_C000045","HMDB0031007","HMDB0256562;LMFA01030344","HMDB0242503","HMDB0033615","HMDB0029388","HMDB0006547;LMFA01030357;PW_C002804","HMDB0002000;LMFA01030051","HMDB0245864;HMDB0248510","HMDB0004668;LMFA02000252","HMDB0254725","HMDB0250266","HMDB0259285","HMDB0033554","HMDB0248849","HMDB0013817","HMDB0036666","HMDB0255800","HMDB0032797;LMFA02020001","HMDB0254830","HMDB0013308","HMDB0031752","HMDB0253484","HMDB0038120","HMDB0242755","HMDB0003826","HMDB0034373","HMDB0259965","HMDB0038107","HMDB0032477","HMDB0041430","HMDB0260477","HMDB0034149","HMDB0303806","HMDB0241589","HM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