ENAapplication/xmlftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/046/SRR13017546/SRR13017546_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/050/SRR13017550/SRR13017550_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/082/SRR13072782/SRR13072782_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/069/SRR13017569/SRR13017569_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/056/SRR13017556/SRR13017556_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/078/SRR13072778/SRR13072778_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/077/SRR13072777/SRR13072777_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/061/SRR13017561/SRR13017561_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/063/SRR13017563/SRR13017563_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/081/SRR13072781/SRR13072781_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/060/SRR13017560/SRR13017560_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/039/SRR13017539/SRR13017539_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/045/SRR13017545/SRR13017545_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/075/SRR13072775/SRR13072775_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/044/SRR13017544/SRR13017544_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/089/SRR13072789/SRR13072789_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/065/SRR13017565/SRR13017565_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/059/SRR13017559/SRR13017559_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/058/SRR13017558/SRR13017558_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/073/SRR13072773/SRR13072773_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/041/SRR13017541/SRR13017541_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/043/SRR13017543/SRR13017543_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/079/SRR13072779/SRR13072779_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/088/SRR13072788/SRR13072788_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/064/SRR13017564/SRR13017564_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/074/SRR13017574/SRR13017574_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/067/SRR13017567/SRR13017567_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/068/SRR13017568/SRR13017568_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/080/SRR13072780/SRR13072780_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/073/SRR13017573/SRR13017573_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/054/SRR13017554/SRR13017554_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/042/SRR13017542/SRR13017542_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/072/SRR13072772/SRR13072772_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/040/SRR13017540/SRR13017540_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/049/SRR13017549/SRR13017549_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/084/SRR13072784/SRR13072784_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/037/SRR13017537/SRR13017537_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/066/SRR13017566/SRR13017566_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/087/SRR13072787/SRR13072787_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/066/SRR13017566/SRR13017566_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/048/SRR13017548/SRR13017548_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/051/SRR13017551/SRR13017551_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/054/SRR13017554/SRR13017554_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/042/SRR13017542/SRR13017542_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/060/SRR13017560/SRR13017560_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/084/SRR13072784/SRR13072784_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/072/SRR13017572/SRR13017572_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/048/SRR13017548/SRR13017548_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/075/SRR13017575/SRR13017575_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/063/SRR13017563/SRR13017563_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/087/SRR13072787/SRR13072787_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/072/SRR13072772/SRR13072772_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/069/SRR13017569/SRR13017569_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/057/SRR13017557/SRR13017557_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/051/SRR13017551/SRR13017551_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/075/SRR13072775/SRR13072775_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/039/SRR13017539/SRR13017539_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/045/SRR13017545/SRR13017545_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/058/SRR13017558/SRR13017558_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/062/SRR13017562/SRR13017562_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/089/SRR13072789/SRR13072789_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/044/SRR13017544/SRR13017544_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/068/SRR13017568/SRR13017568_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/080/SRR13072780/SRR13072780_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/081/SRR13072781/SRR13072781_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/079/SRR13072779/SRR13072779_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/074/SRR13017574/SRR13017574_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/075/SRR13017575/SRR13017575_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/073/SRR13017573/SRR13017573_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/072/SRR13017572/SRR13017572_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/078/SRR13072778/SRR13072778_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/057/SRR13017557/SRR13017557_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/056/SRR13017556/SRR13017556_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/046/SRR13017546/SRR13017546_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/053/SRR13017553/SRR13017553_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/047/SRR13017547/SRR13017547_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/083/SRR13072783/SRR13072783_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/077/SRR13072777/SRR13072777_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/052/SRR13017552/SRR13017552_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/085/SRR13072785/SRR13072785_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/055/SRR13017555/SRR13017555_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/082/SRR13072782/SRR13072782_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/076/SRR13072776/SRR13072776_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/061/SRR13017561/SRR13017561_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/076/SRR13017576/SRR13017576_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/071/SRR13017571/SRR13017571_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/070/SRR13017570/SRR13017570_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/086/SRR13072786/SRR13072786_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/038/SRR13017538/SRR13017538_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/074/SRR13072774/SRR13072774_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/070/SRR13017570/SRR13017570_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/053/SRR13017553/SRR13017553_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/041/SRR13017541/SRR13017541_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/065/SRR13017565/SRR13017565_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/049/SRR13017549/SRR13017549_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/055/SRR13017555/SRR13017555_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/067/SRR13017567/SRR13017567_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/073/SRR13072773/SRR13072773_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/085/SRR13072785/SRR13072785_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/040/SRR13017540/SRR13017540_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/043/SRR13017543/SRR13017543_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/037/SRR13017537/SRR13017537_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/076/SRR13072776/SRR13072776_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/052/SRR13017552/SRR13017552_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/076/SRR13017576/SRR13017576_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/064/SRR13017564/SRR13017564_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/088/SRR13072788/SRR13072788_2.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/086/SRR13072786/SRR13072786_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/062/SRR13017562/SRR13017562_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/038/SRR13017538/SRR13017538_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/083/SRR13072783/SRR13072783_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/068/SRR13017568/SRR13017568.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/071/SRR13017571/SRR13017571_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/047/SRR13017547/SRR13017547_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/059/SRR13017559/SRR13017559_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/050/SRR13017550/SRR13017550_1.fastq.gzftp://ftp.sra.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/fastq/SRR130/074/SRR13072774/SRR13072774_1.fastq.gzprimaryOK200GenomicsCentre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJNA670842mouse gut metagenomexref:EuropePMC:PMC8823629Accelerated postnatal growth is a strong and potentially modifiable risk factor for future obesity. To study how specific breast milk components contribute to early growth and obesity risk, we quantified one-carbon metabolism-related metabolites in human milk and found an inverse association between milk betaine content and infant growth. Notably, this association was replicated in an independent and geographically distinct cohort. To determine the potential role of milk betaine in programming offspring obesity risk, we performed maternal betaine supplementation experiments in mice. Higher betaine intake during lactation increased milk betaine content and led to lower offspring adiposity and improved glucose homeostasis throughout adulthood. These effects were accompanied by a transient increase of Akkermansia spp. abundance during early life and a long-lasting increase in intestinal goblet cell number. Akkermansia muciniphila levels in infants were also linked to milk betaine content in the human cohort. Furthermore, administration of Akkermansia muciniphila to pups during the lactation period partially replicated maternal betaine effects, including long-term improvements in adiposity and glucose homeostasis. Together, our data demonstrate a link between breast milk betaine content and offspring long-term metabolic health, and indicate that betaine may be a target for early interventions aimed at childhood obesity prevention.ENAmammary region, Microbial Community Composition, Breasts, lifespan, Cecums, Betaine Hydrochloride, 1-carboxy-N, Laboratory, blind intestine, Mus domesticus, mouse <Mus musculus>, Lactiferous gland, Scorbo-bétaïne, Stea 16, composed of, House Mouse, glandula mammaria, Scorbo bétaïne, intestinum crassum cecum, Milk, Human, ter, Oxyneurine, House, Cow's Milk, Citrate de Bétaïne UPSA, Mus musculus domesticus, Cow's, (trimethylammoniumyl)acetate, DmF2, Fs(3)Hor, Mice, cecum, abromine, Scorbobétaïne, trimethylglycine, lod, Normalities, average, study, Lycine, DmelCG2684, Stea-16, Swiss, Glycine, entire lifespan, Acidin Pepsin, entire life cycle, N, long, Microbial Community Structure, mammary part of chest, Swiss Mice, composition, Citrate de Bétaïne Beaufour, NTef2, Trimethylammonioacetate, caecum, DmelCG4216, Cow Milk, Cow, Trimethylaminoacetate, Bsg75C, ceca, blindgut, Acidin-Pepsin, Microbial Community Structures, Bet, acidol, 2-N, house mouse, Intestinum crassum caecum, Human Microbiome, inner salt, Normalcies., mamma, Individual Health, Community Composition, Cystadane, Methanaminium, N-Trimethylglycine, mouse, Betaine, Novobetaine, Normalcy, compositionality, Microbial, Brustdruese, intestinum crassum caecum, mice C57BL/6xCBA/CaJ hybrid, Mus muscaris, Fs(3)Sz11, mammary gland milk, N-trimethyl-, Mus, Term, Lobe of mammary gland, Hydrochloride, N-trimethylammonioacetate, Glycine Betaine, Individual, Microbial Communities, Microbiome, Mus musculus, caeca, Microbiomes, AcidinPepsin, Microbial Community Compositions, Normality, Microbial Community, content, life, Swiss Mouse, Lobe of breast, Community Structure, CG4216, House Mice, Hepastyl, C.B.B., Lds, early, domesticus, Laboratory Mice, intestinum caecum, Composition, Health, Horka, structure, trimethylglycocoll, CG2684, Fs(3)Horka, Microbiotas, Mouse, N-trimethylammonio acetate, Stea16, Laboratory Mouse, Human Microbiomes, N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt, breast, CommunityMus musculus, digestive canal, AI747421, gut, Bowel, Laboratory, Swiss, mice, Mus domesticus, mouse, Swiss Mouse, Gus-u, alimentary tract, Gus-t, Gus-s, enteric tract, House Mice, Swiss Mice, Gus-r, House Mouse, domesticus, Laboratory Mice, gut tube, Gus, Gur, Metagenomes., Gut, g, House, Mus, gastrointestinal system, Mus musculus domesticus, digestive tube, asd, Mouse, house mouse, adult alimentary canal, alimentary system, Mice, Laboratory Mouse, intestines, alimentary canalfalsemouse gut metagenome Taxonomy ID: 410661 ( NCBI:txid410661)Microbiome study. 16S Mus musculus cecum. Increasing breast milk betaine content modulates offspring Akkermansia abundance during early life and improves long-term metabolic health2023-05-172021-10-07PRJNA670842410661