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However, ψ constitutes only ~0.3% of the uridines present on mRNAs and its effect on mRNA function remains unclear. Ψ residues have however been shown to inhibit the detection of exogenous RNA transcripts by host innate immune factors, thus raising the possibility that viruses might have subverted the addition of ψ residues to mRNAs by host pseudouridine synthase (PUS) enzymes as a way to inhibit antiviral responses in infected cells. Here, we describe and validate a novel antibody-based ψ mapping technique called photo-crosslinking assisted ψ sequencing (PA-ψ-seq) and then use it to map ψ residues on not only multiple cellular RNAs but also the mRNAs and genomic RNA encoded by HIV-1. We also describe several 293T-derived cell lines in which human PUS enzymes previously reported to add ψ residues to mRNAs, specifically PUS1, PUS7 and TRUB1/PUS4, were individually inactivated by gene editing. Surprisingly, while this allowed us to assign several sites of ψ addition on cellular mRNAs to each of these three PUS enzymes, the ψ sites present on HIV-1 transcripts remained unaffected. However, loss of PUS1 function did significantly reduce HIV-1 gene expression by a presumably indirect mechanism. Overall design: Photoactivated UV crosslinking of pseudouridine antibody to pseudouridilated RNA, followed by immunoprecipitation and sequencing (PA-Ψ-Seq). RNA from 293T or CEM cells, WT or pseudouridine synthatase (Pus) knockout cells</long_description><tag>xref:PubMed:34376564</tag><repository>ENA</repository></additional><is_claimable>false</is_claimable><name>Mapping of pseudouridine residues on cellular and viral transcripts using a novel antibody-based technique</name><description>Mapping of pseudouridine residues on cellular and viral transcripts using a novel antibody-based technique</description><dates><last_updated>2025-09-24</last_updated><first_public>2021-09-03</first_public></dates><accession>PRJNA722231</accession><cross_references><GEO>GSE172136</GEO><taxon>9606</taxon><PubMed>34376564</PubMed></cross_references></HashMap>