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Novel approaches are needed to highlight threatened species that are currently data deficient. Many Madagascan plant species have extremely narrow ranges, but this may not have always been the case - it is unclear how the island's diverse flora evolved. To assess this, we generated restriction-site associated DNA sequence data for ten Madagascan plant species, estimated effective population size (Ne) for each species and compared this to census (Nc) sizes. In each case, Ne was an order of magnitude larger than Nc - signifying rapid, recent population decline. We then estimated species' demographic history, tracking changes in Ne over time. We show that it is possible to predict extinction risk, particularly in the most threatened species. Furthermore, simulations showed that our approach has the power to detect population decline during the Anthropocene. Our analyses reveal that Madagascar's microendemics were not always rare, having experienced rapid decline in their recent history. This casts further uncertainty over the processes that generated Madagascar's exceptional biodiversity. Our approach targets data deficient species in need of conservation assessment, particularly in regions where human modification of the environment has been rapid."],"repository":["ENA"],"description_synonyms":["Demographers, Prehistoric, Stable Population, Aspect, frequency, Demographies, Reverse Survival Methods, Factor, Historical Aspects, Technic, historical aspects, Historical Aspect, Demographic Impact, Historical Demography, Impact, Demographic and Health Survey, Period Analysis, Demographic Surveys, Period Analyses, Period, Method, Demographer, species., Distributions, Demographic, Impacts, Population Spatial Distribution, Survey, Population Methods, Analysis, Stable Population Methods, Distribution, Spatial Distributions, Reconstitution, Technique, outbreaks, Prehistoric Demography, Demographic and Health Surveys, Population Spatial, Methods, Population Spatial Distributions, Population Distribution, Demography, Family Reconstitutions, Demographic Analysis, Accounting, Brass, Factors, Demographic Analyses, Analyses, occurrence, Reconstitutions, Reverse Survival Method, Prehistoric Demographies, prevalence, Demographics, Demographic Factor, Population, Stable Population Method, Histories, surveillance, Brass Technique, morbidity, Demographic Impacts, Demographic Factors, endemics, Spatial Distribution, Demographic Accounting, Multiregional Analysis, Stable, Multiregional Analyses, historical notes, Family Reconstitution, Multiregional, Surveys, epidemics, Demographic Survey, Reverse Survival, Brass Technic, Historical Demographies, Aspects, Population Distributions, Family, incidence, Historical"],"name_synonyms":["Commelinidae, Angiosperm, Icacinale, Vahliales, Angiosperma, Liliidae, Plant, flowering plants, Flowering Plants., Angiospermae, Liliopsida, Hamamelidae, Dicotyledoneae, Flowering, Rosidae, Vahliale, Caryophyllidae, Metteniusale, Arecidae, Metteniusales, Oncothecales, Asteridae, Dilleniidae, Zingiberidae, Plants, Icacinales, Magnoliatae, angiosperms, Hamamelididae, Magnoliophyta, Liliatae, Oncothecale, Flowering Plant, Angiosperms"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Angiospermae","description":"The demographic history of Madagascan micro-endemics: have rare species always been rare?","dates":{"last_updated":"2023-09-02","first_public":"2023-09-02"},"accession":"PRJNA753779","cross_references":{}}