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Strategies to disrupt Treg-mediated cancer immunosuppression have been met with limited clinical success, but the underlying mechanisms for this failure are poorly understood. By modeling Treg-targeted immunotherapy in mice, we find that a subset of CD4+ Foxp3- conventional T (Tconv) cells with potent suppressive function undergoes activation and expansion upon depletion of Foxp3+ Treg cells and limits therapeutic efficacy. We noted that Foxp3- Tconv cells within tumors adopt a Treg-like transcriptional profile upon Treg depletion and acquire suppressive function. This is attributable to a Th2-like subset of CD4+ Tconv cells marked by expression of (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8) and enriched in Treg-associated transcripts. CCR8+ Tconv cells are found in mouse and human tumors. Upon Treg depletion, CCR8+ Tconv cells undergo systemic and intratumoral activation and expansion, resulting in IL-10 dependent suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Consequently, conditional deletion of Il10 within T cells augments anti-tumor efficacy upon Treg-depletion in mice, and antibody blockade of IL-10 signaling synergizes with Treg depletion to overcome treatment resistance. These findings reveal a secondary layer of immunosuppression by Tconv cells released upon therapeutic Treg depletion and suggest that broader consideration of suppressive function within the T cell lineage is required for development of effective Treg-targeted therapies. Overall design: Syngeneic B16-F10 melanoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into Foxp3EGFP-DTR mice and ablated Treg cells through administration of DTx. T cells were isolated by FACS and subjected to RNA-Seq analysis"],"repository":["ENA"],"description_synonyms":["regulatory T lymphocyte, Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes, T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3, Malignant Neoplasm, T-cell surface antigen T4|Leu-3, Process, Neoplasms, Benign Neoplasm, RNA-seq., function, T-Lymphocyte, Tumor, Malignant, Cell, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte, L3T4, Benign, T Lymphocyte, T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4, T-Cell, regulatory T-lymphocyte, Ly-4, Neoplasm, Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing, CD25-positive, Immune Processes, Immune Responses, suppressor T lymphocyte, Malignancy, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell, T-Cells, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4, Thymus-Dependent, CD4-positive, T, Benign Neoplasms, CD4mut, Lymphocytes, Cancers, regulatory T-cell, suppressor T cell, Thymus-Dependent Lymphocyte, Malignant Neoplasms, Neoplasias, suppressor T-cell, T Cells, Immune Response, Immune, suppressor T-lymphocyte, Treg, Cells, Response, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte, CD4, T Cell, Malignancies, other neoplasm, Immune Process, T Lymphocytes, Thymus Dependent Lymphocytes, Neoplasia, Lymphocyte, Cancer, Tumors"],"name_synonyms":["regulatory T lymphocyte, Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes, T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3, Malignant Neoplasm, T-cell surface antigen T4|Leu-3, Process, Neoplasms, Benign Neoplasm, RNA-seq., function, T-Lymphocyte, Tumor, Malignant, Cell, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte, L3T4, Benign, T Lymphocyte, T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4, T-Cell, regulatory T-lymphocyte, Ly-4, Neoplasm, Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing, CD25-positive, Immune Processes, Immune Responses, suppressor T lymphocyte, Malignancy, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell, T-Cells, T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4, Thymus-Dependent, CD4-positive, T, Benign Neoplasms, CD4mut, Lymphocytes, Cancers, regulatory T-cell, suppressor T cell, Thymus-Dependent Lymphocyte, Malignant Neoplasms, Neoplasias, suppressor T-cell, T Cells, Immune Response, Immune, suppressor T-lymphocyte, Treg, Cells, Response, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte, CD4, T Cell, Malignancies, other neoplasm, Immune Process, T Lymphocytes, Thymus Dependent Lymphocytes, Neoplasia, Lymphocyte, Cancer, Tumors"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Acquisition of suppressive function by CD4+ conventional T cells limits anti-tumor immunity driven by Treg depletion [RNA-seq II]","description":"Acquisition of suppressive function by CD4+ conventional T cells limits anti-tumor immunity driven by Treg depletion [RNA-seq II]","dates":{"last_updated":"2025-09-24","first_public":"2024-01-15"},"accession":"PRJNA994054","cross_references":{"GEO":["GSE237140"],"taxon":["10090"],"PubMed":["38100544"]}}