Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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HDL suppresses the type I interferon response

ABSTRACT: Background: High density lipoprotein (HDL) protects the artery wall by removing cholesterol from lipid-laden macrophages. However, recent evidence suggests that it might also inhibit atherogenesis by combating inflammation. Methods and Results: To identify potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we challenged macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory microbial ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). HDL inhibited the expression of 33% (301 of 911) of the genes normally induced by LPS, microarray analysis revealed. One of its major targets was the type I interferon response pathway, a family of potent viral immunoregulators controlled by TLR4 and the TRAM/TRIF signaling pathway. Unexpectedly, HDL’s ability to inhibit gene expression was independent of cellular cholesterol stores. Moreover, it was unaffected by downregulation of two ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1, that promote cholesterol efflux. To examine the pathway’s potential in vivo relevance, we used mice deficient in apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, HDL’s major protein. After infection with Salmonella (a Gram-negative bacterium that expresses LPS), apoA-I–deficient mice had 6-fold higher plasma levels of interferon-beta-a key regulator of the type I interferon response than did wild-type mice. Conclusions: HDL inhibits a subset of LPS-stimulated macrophage genes that regulate the type I interferon response, and its action is independent of sterol metabolism. These findings raise the possibility that regulation of macrophage genes by HDL might link innate immunity and cardioprotection. 12 arrays, 3 experimental groups, mMncN (no treatment), mMncL (LPS treated, exposed for 4 h to serum-free medium or serum-free medium supplemented with 100 ng/mL of LPS), and mMwtL (HDL treated, Macrophages were treated for 4 h with serum-free medium or serum-free medium supplemented with 50 mg/mL of HDL, washed twice with PBS).

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Richard Beyer

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-19340 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Elevated plasma levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The protective role of HDL in atherosclerosis has been attributed primarily to its ability to remove excess cholesterol from lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) within the arterial walls. However, clinical trials that raise HDL cholesterol levels have failed to show a benefit casting doubts on our basic understanding of HDL function. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition underlying CVD and driven in part by the recognition of metabolic danger signals by innate immune receptors on macrophages. A potential feature that could contribute to HDL’s protective effects in CVD could be HDL's anti-inflammatory nature, such as its ability to reduce endothelial cell activation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which HDL reduces inflammatory macrophage responses remain poorly understood and difficult to separate from its cholesterol depleting activity. Here we show that HDL protects against Toll like receptor (TLR)-induced inflammation both in vivo and in vitro under normocholesteremic conditions by suppressing the transcription of inflammatory cytokines in a manner independent of its ability to remove cellular cholesterol. We identify Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3), a transcriptional repressor of the CREB family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors, as a HDL-inducible regulator of macrophage activation. HDL’s ability to down modulate TLR responses was severely compromised in ATF3-deficient cells demonstrating that ATF3 mediates HDL's anti-inflammatory effects and may explain the broad anti-inflammatory functions of HDL. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were obtained by culturing bone marrow cells from 6 to 8 week old wildtype C57BL/6 mice in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 10 mg ml-1 Ciprobay-500 and 40 ng ml-1 M-CSF (R & D Systems). BMDMs of wt mice were pretreated for 6 h with HDL (2 mg ml-1 ) then stimulated with CpG (100 nM) for 4 h. Further wild type or Atf3-deficient BMDMs were pretreated with 2 mg ml-1 HDL for 6 h and subsequently stimulated with CpG (100 nM) or P3C (50 ng ml-1) for 4 h. For carotid artery injury approximately 12-week old male WT and Atf3-deficient mice were anesthetized with i.p. injection of 150 mg/kg ketaminehydrochloride (Ketanest, Pharmacia) and 0.1 mg/kg xylazinehydrochloride (Rompun 2%, Bayer). A small incision from the cranial apex of the sternum to just below the mandible was made. After careful preparation of an approximately 6 mm long segment proximal of the bifurcation, the common carotid artery was electrically denuded. A 4 mm long lesion was made by applying two serial 5 second bursts of 2 Watt using 2 mm wide forceps. The skin was then sutured and the mice allowed to recover in individual cages before returning to their littermates. Three hours later the mice received a single 200 ?l i.v. injection of 20 mg/kg HDL or PBS.

Project description:IThe transcription factor (TF) interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) controls both developmental and inflammatory stimulus-inducible genes in macrophages, but the mechanisms underlying these two different functions are largely unknown. One possibility is that these different roles are linked to the ability of IRF8 to bind alternative DNA sequences. We found that IRF8 is recruited to distinct sets of DNA consensus sequences before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In resting cells, IRF8 was mainly bound to composite sites together with the master regulator of myeloid development PU.1. Basal IRF8M-bM-^@M-^SPU.1 binding maintained the expression of a broad panel of genes essential for macrophage functions (such as microbial recognition and response to purines) and contributed to basal expression of many LPS-inducible genes. After LPS stimulation, increased expression of IRF8, other IRFs, and AP-1 family TFs enabled IRF8 binding to thousands of additional regions containing low-affinity multimerized IRF sites and composite IRFM-bM-^@M-^SAP-1 sites, which were not premarked by PU.1 and did not contribute to the basal IRF8 cistrome. While constitutively expressed IRF8-dependent genes contained only sites mediating basal IRF8/PU.1 recruitment, inducible IRF8-dependent genes contained variable combinations of constitutive and inducible sites. Overall, these data show at the genome scale how the same TF can be linked to constitutive and inducible gene regulation via distinct combinations of alternative DNA-binding sites. Bone marrow cells isolated from C57BL/6 or BXH2/TyJ mice were plated in 10 cm plates in 5ml of BM-medium (high glucose DMEM supplemented with 20% low endotoxin fetal bovine serum, 30% L929-conditioned medium, 1% glutamine, 1%, Pen/Strep, 0.5% Sodium Pyruvate, 0.1% M-NM-2-mercaptoethanol). Cultures were fed with 2.5 ml of fresh medium every two days. Macrophages were subjected to different treatment (see individual samples for details). Total RNA was extracted from 5x106 cells using RNAeasy kit (Qiagen). Libraries were prepared from 1-2 M-BM-5g of RNA, after oligo-dT selection, using the TruSeq RNA sample preparation kit (Illumina).

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HDL suppresses the type I interferon response

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