Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Ustilago maydis fox1 mediated gene expression during pathogenic development

ABSTRACT: Ustilago maydis is a plant-pathogenic fungus that establishes a biotrophic relationship with its host Zea mays. The biotrophic interaction is initiated upon host penetration, and involves expansion of the host plasma membrane around hyphae, which is thought to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and virulence factors. Transcriptional regulators involved in the establishment of an infectious dikaryon and penetration into the host have been identified, however, regulators involved in the post-penetration stages remained to be elucidated. In the study we report the identification of an Ustilago maydis forkhead transcription factor, Fox1, which is exclusively expressed during biotrophic development. Deletion of fox1 results in reduced virulence and impaired tumour development in planta. Microarray analyses of Δfox1-infected plant tissue identified Fox1 as a transcriptional activator, involved in the expression of secreted effectors required for virulence. Maize plants were infected with a mixture of either FB1 and FB2 (wild-type), or FB1∆fox1 and FB2∆fox1 crossings, to measure the impact of fox1 on pathogenic development. Early Golden Bantam maize plants were grown in a phytochamber in a 15h/9h light-dark cycle; light period started/ended with 1h ramping of light intensity. Maize plants were kept at 28°C (light) and 20° (dark). Plantlets were individually sown in pots with potting soil (Fruhstorfer Pikiererde) and infected 7 days after sowing, 1 h before end of the light period. Infected leaf tumor material from at least 10 plants was collected 5 days post infection, 1 h before the end of the light period and directly frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA-extraction. RNA samples were extracted from infected leaf tissue 5 days after infection.

ORGANISM(S): Ustilago maydis

SUBMITTER: Jörg Kämper

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-19591 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:In fungi, sexual compatibility is controlled by mating type loci that prevent self-fertilization. In the plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis, the b mating type locus encodes a pair of unrelated homeodomain proteins, termed bE and bW. After fusion of two compatible, haploid cells, the bE and bW proteins form a heterodimeric complex, but only if they are derived from different, compatible alleles. The active bE/bW complex is required and sufficient to initiate pathogenic development of U. maydis, which is prerequisite for sexual reproduction of the fungus. However, the role of the b heterodimer during later stages of pathogenic development was unclear. To analyze b function during in planta development, we generated a temperature-sensitive bE allele (bEts) encoding a protein with a single amino acid alteration at the border of the homeodomain. This mutation leads to a stop in pathogenic development at the restrictive temperature in planta, while bEts strains show normal development at permissive temperature. At restrictive temperature, hyphae develop enlarged, bulbous cells at their tips that contain multiple nuclei, indicating a severe defect in cell division. DNA array analysis of bEts mutant strains in planta revealed a b-dependent regulation of genes coding for secreted proteins that were shown to influence fungal virulence. Our data demonstrate that in U. maydis the b heterodimer is not only essential to establish the heterodikaryon after mating of two compatible sporidia and to initiate fungal pathogenicity, but also to sustain in planta proliferation and ensure sexual reproduction. Maize plants were infected with a mixture of either FB1 and FB2 (wild-type), or RAb1ts and RAb2ts (temperature-sensitive b heterodimer) and kept at 22Â°C (permissive conditions). Control samples of FB1/FB2 and RAb1ts and RAb2ts were taken 5 days post inoculation at 22 Â°C (1 replicate each), to see if strains expressing the bts heterodimer show wildtype-like biotrophic development. To measure the impact of the b heterodimer on pathogenic development, infected plants were shifted for 9 hours to resrictive conditions (31Â°C) 111 hours post infection. After the temperature shift FB1/FB2 (3 replicates) infections developed normal, whereas RAb1ts/RAb2ts (3 replicates) infections were not able to further proliferate in planta because of a none-functional b heterodimer.

Project description:Many of the genes coding for secreted protein effectors are arranged in gene clusters in the genome of the biotrophic plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. The largest of these gene clusters, cluster 19A, encodes 24 secreted effectors. Deletion of the entire cluster results in severe attenuation of virulence. The generation and analysis strains carrying sub-deletions identified 9 genes significantly contributing to tumor formation after seedling infection. As the individual contributions of these genes to tumor formation were small, we studied the response of maize plants to the whole cluster mutant as well as to several individual mutants by array analysis. This revealed distinct plant responses, demonstrating that the respective effectors have discrete plant targets. Many of the genes coding for secreted protein effectors are arranged in gene clusters in the genome of the biotrophic plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. The largest of these gene clusters, cluster 19A, encodes 24 secreted effectors. Deletion of the entire cluster results in severe attenuation of virulence. The generation and analysis strains carrying sub-deletions identified 9 genes significantly contributing to tumor formation after seedling infection. As the individual contributions of these genes to tumor formation were small, we studied the response of maize plants to the whole cluster mutant as well as to several individual mutants by array analysis. This revealed distinct plant responses, demonstrating that the respective effectors have discrete plant targets. We used the Affymetrix maize genome array to analyze the transcriptional responses of maize to cluster 19A mutants and individual sub-deletions for the cluster 19A genes tin1, tin3, tin4 and tin5. We found plant responses to the mutants were significantly different although the macroscopic phenotypes of the individual mutants were very similar. U. maydis infected parts of maize seedling leaves were dissected 4 days after inoculation with strain SG200∆19A, SG200∆tin1, SG200∆tin3, SG200∆tin4 and SG200∆tin5, respectively. We previously submitted data of maize leaves that were treated with the progenitor wild type strain SG200 as well as mock-infections under identical experimetal conditions (GEO: GSE10023). These data served as controls for this experiment.

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Ustilago maydis fox1 mediated gene expression during pathogenic development

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