Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Regulation of Anopheles gambiae male accessory gland genes influences post-mating response in female

ABSTRACT: In Drosophila, the accessory gland proteins (Acps) secreted from the male accessory glands (MAGs) and transferred along with sperm into the female reproductive tract have been implicated in triggering postmating behavioral changes, including refractoriness to subsequent mating and propensity to egg laying. Recently, Acps have been found also in Anopheles, suggesting similar functions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of Acps and their functional role in modulating Anopheles postmating behavior may lead to the identification of novel vector control strategies to reduce mosquito populations. We identified heat-shock factor (HSF) binding sites within the Acp promoters of male Anopheles gambiae and discovered three distinct Hsf isoforms; one being significantly up-regulated in the MAGs after mating. Through genome-wide transcription analysis of Hsf-silenced males, we observed significant down-regulation in 50% of the Acp genes if compared to control males treated with a construct directed against an unrelated bacterial sequence. Treated males retained normal life span and reproductive behavior compared to control males. However, mated wild-type females showed a ?46% reduction of egg deposition rate and a ?23% reduction of hatching rate (?58% combined reduction of progeny). Our results highlight an unsuspected role of HSF in regulating Acp transcription in A. gambiae and provide evidence that Acp down-regulation in males leads a significant reduction of progeny, thus opening new avenues toward the development of novel vector control strategies. Total RNA from 4-d-old dsLacZ-treated controls and HSF-silenced males was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies), following protocols set according to manufacturer’s instructions. RNA preparation, labelling, hybridization and data analysis were performed by the Oxford Gene Technology (OGT) company. In particular, RNA was further cleaned up using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) followed by ethanol precipitation. Sample passing the purity metrics (260/280 and 260/230 ratio) were considered for labeling and hybridization procedures. Labeling was done with cyanine 3 (dsHSF1 and dsHSF123) and cyanine 5 (control dsLacZ). Samples and controls were hybridized in triplicates to the Agilent Mosquito Gene expression arrays (4x44,000, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Data analysis was performed by OGT according to a standardized procedure, as implemented by the software applications Feature Extraction (version 9.5.3.1.), and Genespring GX (version 11.0). Expression data was first normalised using linear and loess normalization in Feature Extraction, then it was imported into Genespring where it was converted into normalised log ratios. The distribution of the data between and within the treatments was checked via boxplots and hierarchical clustering to confirm consistency. Intensity measures from spots flagged as being of poor quality were excluded. Then, the control probes were removed for the statistical analysis: t-tests were carried out for each condition with null hypothesis of log ratio being equal to zero. This was done on the normalised log ratios from the 3 technical replicates. Probes meeting a cut-off of p<0.05 with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing correction and with a fold change cutoff greater than 2 were considered statistically and biologically relevant and were used to generate lists of differentially expressed targets.

ORGANISM(S): Anopheles gambiae

SUBMITTER: tania dottorini

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-27233 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:DNA sequence and local chromatin landscape act jointly to determine transcription factor (TF) binding intensity profiles. To disentangle these influences, we developed an experimental approach, called protein/DNA binding and high-throughput sequencing (PB-seq), that allows the binding energy landscape to be characterized genome-wide in the absence of chromatin. We applied our methods to the Drosophila Heat Shock Factor (HSF), which inducibly binds a target DNA sequence element (HSE) following heat shock stress. PB-seq involves incubating sheared naked genomic DNA with recombinant HSF, partitioning the HSF-bound and HSF-free DNA, and then detecting HSF-bound DNA by high throughput sequencing. We compared PB-seq binding profiles with ones observed in vivo by ChIP-seq, and developed statistical models to predict the observed departures from idealized binding patterns based on covariates describing the local chromatin environment. We found that DNase I hypersensitivity and tetra-acetylation of H4 were the most influential covariates in predicting changes in HSF binding affinity. We also investigated the extent to which DNA accessibility, as measured by digital DNase I footprinting data, could be predicted from MNase-seq data and the ChIP-chip profiles for many histone modifications and TFs, and found GAGA element associated factor (GAF), tetra-acetylation of H4, and H4K16 acetylation to be the most predictive covariates. Lastly, we generated an unbiased model of HSF binding sequences, which revealed distinct biophysical properties of the HSF/HSE interaction and a previously unrecognized substructure within the HSE. These findings provide new insights into the interplay between the genomic sequence and the chromatin landscape in determining transcription factor binding intensity. We performed an in vitro binding experiment with purified HSF and naked, sheared genomic Drosophila S2 DNA (PB-seq), to derive an accurate set of potential HSF binding sites in the Drosophila genome. HSF-bound DNA was specifically eluted and detected by high throughput sequencing. Drosophila HSF was N-terminally tagged with glutathione s-transferase and a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site. The C-terminus of the recombinant HSF was fused to the 3xFLAG epitope. Recombinant HSF was purified from E. coli with glutathione resin as previously described (PMID: 20078429) , with the following modifications: HSF-3xFLAG elution was achieved by addition of 6xHistidine tagged TEV protease and TEV protease was cleared from the HSF preparation using a Nickel-NTA column. We incubated 600pM HSF and 2500ng genomic DNA (sonicated to 100-600bp fragment size as previously described in PMID: 20844575) in 1500μl final volume of 1xHSF binding buffer and let it come to equilibrium for an hour at room temperature. We added 20μl ANTI-FLAG M2 affinity gel for 10 minutes, washed 8 times with 1xHSF binding buffer to remove unbound DNA; 3xFLAG peptide was added to a final concentration of 200ng/μl to specifically elute HSF and HSF-bound DNA. The mock IP was done in the absence of recombinant HSF.

Project description:Mitochondrial DNA-depleted human skin fibroblasts (HSF rho0) with suppressed oxidative phosphorylation were characterized by significant changes in the expression of 2100 nuclear genes, encoding numerous protein classes, in NF-kappaB and STAT3 signaling pathways and by decreased activity of the mitochondrial death pathway, compared to the parent rho+ HSF. In contrast, the extrinsic TRAIL/TRAIL-Receptor-mediated death pathway remained highly active, and exogenous TRAIL induced higher levels of apoptosis in rho0 cells compared to rho+ HSF. Global gene expression analysis using microarray and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that expression levels of many growth factors and their adaptor proteins (FGF13, HGF, IGFBP4, IGFBP6, IGFL2), cytokines (IL6, IL17B, IL18, IL19, IL28B) and cytokine receptors (IL1R1, IL21R, IL31RA) were substantially decreased after mitochondrial depletion. Some of these genes were targets of NF-kappaB and STAT3, and their protein products could regulate the STAT3 signaling pathway. Alpha-irradiation induced expression of several NF-kappaB/STAT3 target genes, including IL1A, IL1B, IL6, PTGS2/COX2 and MMP12, in rho+ HSF, but this response was substantially decreased in rho0 HSF. Suppression of the IKK-NF-kappaB pathway by the small molecular inhibitor BMS-345541 and of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway by AG490 dramatically increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the control and irradiated rho+ HSF. Inhibitory antibodies against IL6, the main activator of JAK2-STAT3 pathway, added into the cell media, also increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis in rho+ HSF. However, NF-kappaB activation was partially lost in mitochondrial DNA-depleted HSF resulting in downregulation of the basal or radiation-induced expression of numerous NF-kappaB targets, further suppressing IL6-JAK2-STAT3, that in concert with NF-kappaB, regulated protection against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. There are 12 total samples, 3 biological replicates each of HSF rho+ and rho0 cells that were not irradiated (control=C) or irradiated (alpha=A). Cells were harvested at 4 hours after treatment.

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Regulation of Anopheles gambiae male accessory gland genes influences post-mating response in female

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