Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Mouse hypothalamus and whole brain: control vs. sodium craving

ABSTRACT: Sodium appetite is an instinct that involves avid specific intention. It is elicited by sodium deficiency, stress-evoked ACTH and by reproduction. Genome-wide microarrays in sodium deficient mice, or following ACTH infusion, showed upregulation of hypothalamic genes, including DARPP-32, dopamine receptors-1 and -2, alpha-2C-adrenoceptor, and STEP. Both DARPP-32 and neural plasticity regulator, ARC were upregulated in lateral hypothalamic orexinergic neurons by sodium deficiency. Administration of dopamine D1- (SCH23390) and D2-receptor (raclopride) antagonists reduced gratification of sodium appetite triggered by sodium deficiency. SCH23390 was specific, having no effect on osmotic-induced water drinking, whereas raclopride also reduced water intake. D1-receptor knockout mice had normal sodium appetite, indicating compensatory regulation. It was insensitive to SCH23390, confirming the absence of off-target effects. Bilateral microinjection of SCH23390 (100nM in 200nL) into rats? lateral hypothalamus greatly reduced sodium appetite. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis in hypothalami of mice with sodium appetite showed significant enrichment of gene sets previously linked to addiction (opiates, cocaine). This finding of concerted gene regulation was attenuated upon gratification with perplexingly rapid kinetics of only 10 minutes, anteceding significant absorption of salt from the gut. Salt appetite and hedonic liking of salt taste have evolved over more than a hundred million years e.g. being present in Metatheria. Drugs causing pleasure and addiction are comparatively recent and likely reflect usurping of evolutionary ancient systems with high survival value by the gratification of contemporary hedonic indulgences. Our findings outline a novel molecular logic for instinctive behavior encoded by the brain with possible important translational-medical implications. Transcripts were profiled in the hypothalamus and whole brain of control and salt craving animals to determine the gene expression profile corresponding to that behavioral state. We show an over-representation of addiction-related genes in the set that is common to different methods of salt craving. Mouse hypothalamus and whole brain under three conditions: control, furosemide treated, and ACTH treated. 4 or 5 biological replicated per group. Two channels - experimental and reference are used.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Andreas Pfenning

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-29451 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Appetite is frequently affected in cancer patients, leading to anorexia and consequently insufficient food intake. In this study, we report on hypothalamic gene expression profile of a cancer cachectic mouse model with increased food intake. In this model, mice bearing C26 colon adenocarcinoma have an increased food intake subsequently to the loss of body weight. We hypothesize that in this model, appetite regulating systems in the hypothalamus, which apparently fail in anorexia, are still able to adapt adequately to changes in energy balance. Therefore studying the changes that occur on appetite regulators in the hypothalamus might reveal targets for treatment of cancer-induced eating disorders. By applying transcriptomics, many appetite regulating systems in the hypothalamus could be taken into account, providing an overview of changes that occur in the hypothalamus during tumour growth. We show that hypothalamic expression of orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and AgRP was higher, whereas expression of anorexigenic genes CCK and POMC were lower in TB compared to controls. In addition, serotonin and dopamine signalling pathways were found to be significantly altered in TB mice. Serotonin levels in brain showed to be lower in TB mice compared to control mice, while dopamine levels did not change. Moreover, serotonin levels inversely correlated with food intake. Transcriptomic analysis of the hypothalamus of cachectic TB mice with an increased food intake showed changes in NPY, AgRP and serotonin signalling. Serotonin levels in the brain showed to correlate with changes in food intake. Targeting these systems seems a promising strategy to avoid the development of cancer-induced eating disorders. C26-colon adenocarcinoma cells were subcutaneously inoculated in CDF1 mice. After 20 days, hypothalami were dissected and subjected to gene expression profiling. The total dataset consists of 2 parts; dataset 1, a pilot stuy in which mice were injected with increasing number of tumour cells and pooled samples were arrayed; and dataset 2, the main study in which mice were injected with 1 million tumour cells and samples were individually arrayed.

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Mouse hypothalamus and whole brain: control vs. sodium craving

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