Host response and dysfunction in the CNS during chronic simian immunodeficiency virus infection [human study]
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
SUBMITTER: Jessica Winkler
PROVIDER: E-GEOD-35864 | biostudies-arrayexpress |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress
Similar Datasets
Project description:Finding the differences in gene expression in three regions of the brain, basal ganglia, white matter, and frontal cortex, in normal, HIV infected, HIV infected with neurocognitive impairment, and HIV infected with both neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis patients.
2012-08-01 | GSE35864 | GEO
Project description:The neurodegenerative process in HIV encephalitis (HIVE) is associated with extensive damage to the dendritic and synaptic structure that often leads to cognitive impairment. Several mechanisms might be at play, including release of neurotoxins, oxidative stress and decreased activity of neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, HIV-mediated dysregulation of genes involved in neuronal maintenance might play an important role. For this purpose, cRNA was prepared from the brains of 17 AIDS patients for analysis with the Affymetrix Human U95Av2 GeneChip and analyzed with the GeneSpring Expression Analysis Software. Out of 12,625 genes analyzed, 74 were downregulated and 59 were upregulated compared to controls. Initial alternative analysis of RNA was performed by ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). In cases with HIVE, downregulated genes included neuronal molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and transmission (ion channels, synaptogyrin, synapsin II), cell cycle (p35, p39, CDC-L2, CDC42, PAK1) and signaling molecules (PI3K, Ras-Raf-MEK1), transcription factors and cytoskeletal components (MAP-1B, MAP-2, tubulin, adducin-2). Upregulated genes included those involved in neuroimmune (IgG, MHC, β2microglobulin) and anti-viral responses (interferon-inducible molecules), transcription (STAT1, OLIG2, Pax-6) and signaling modulation (MEK3, EphB1) of the cytoskeleton (myosin, aduccin-3, radixin, dystrobrevin). Taken together, this study suggests that HIV proteins released from infected macrophages might not only induce a neuroinflammatory response, but also may promote neurodegeneration by interfering with neuronal transcription of genes involved in regulating signaling and cytoskeletal molecules important in maintaining synapto-dendritic functioning and integrity. Keywords: HIVE, HIV, AIDS, Microarray, neuroimmunity, neuroinflammatory, neurodegeneration
2005-10-22 | GSE3489 | GEO
Project description:HIV+ patients are at an alarmingly higher risk of developing HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HAND is a spectrum of neurocognitive deficits linked to impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, areas controlling higher cognitive processes. Studies in HIV+ patients implicate acute viremia and inflammation in driving central nervous system (CNS) impairment. However, the timing and implications of viral dissemination to the CNS, particularly the PFC and hippocampus, remain undefined. We tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 is rapidly and actively established within areas of the CNS responsible for controlling cognition.
2020-09-09 | GSE157690 | GEO
Project description:The role of miRNA disregulation in the development of HIV associated Neurocognitive Disorder was assessed in post mortem cerebral tissue. We used microarrays to compare the expression of miRNAs in patient with HIV showing no neurological complications to those with HAND in the presence or absence of active HIV encephalitis
2017-04-11 | GSE97611 | GEO
Project description:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have important roles in regulating a plethora of physiological and pathophysiogical processes including neurodegeneration. In both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia in humans and its monkey model simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE), we find miR-21, a miRNA largely known for its link to oncogenesis, to be significantly upregulated in the brain. In situ hybridization of the diseased brain sections revealed induction of miR-21 in neurons. miR-21 can be induced in neurons by prolonged N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor stimulation, an excitotoxic process active in HIV and other neurodegenerative diseases. Introduction of miR-21 into human neurons leads to pathological functional defects. Furthermore, we show that miR-21 specifically targets the mRNA of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), a transcription factor crucial for neuronal function, and reduces its expression. MEF2C is dramatically downregulated in neurons of HIV-associated dementia patients, as well as monkeys with SIVE. Together, this study elucidates a novel role for miR-21 in the brain, not only as a potential signature of neurological disease, but also as a crucial effector of HIV-induced neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Total cellular RNA was isolated from frozen (−80°C) brain specimens by using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for the monkey samples, and RNAzol (Biotecx Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA) for the human samples, followed by column purification (miRNeasy, Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) as per manufacture's instructions. For the monkeys, four samples were from uninfected animals and four from SIV-infected animals that developed simian AIDS with SIV encephalitis. For the human samples, six samples were from individuals who were HIV negative with no history of dementia or neurocognitive disability and showed no significant neuropathology. Five samples were from HIV positive individuals that were neurocognitively impaired (NNTC clinical rating >6)38 and a neuropathological diagnosis of HIV encephalitis. Clinical information is provided in the supplemental material. For microarray analysis, only three of the HAD specimens were sufficient for use, but all five were used for the qRT-PCR studies.
2014-02-18 | E-GEOD-55069 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is prevalent despite wide-spread use of effective anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) exacerbate neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV+ patients. Previously we have shown that chronic binge alcohol administration (CBA, 13 – 14 g EtOH/kg/wk) starting 3 months prior to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques unmasks behavioral deficits. The underlying mechanisms of neurocognitive alterations due to alcohol and SIV are not known. The aim of this study was to explore the alterations in hippocampal gene expression of CBA administered, SIV-infected (CBA/SIV+; N=2) macaques and isocaloric sucrose administered, SIV-infected (SUC/SIV+; N=2) macaques in contrast to uninfected (SIV-; N=2) macaques. Transcriptomes of hippocampal samples dissected from brains obtained at necropsy (16 months post-SIV inoculation) were analyzed using Illumina Custom algorithm to determine differentially expressed genes (p-value filter of ≤ 0.05; either ≥ 1.3 fold change or ≤ 0.76 fold change) between SUC/SIV+ and SIV-, CBA/SIV+ and SIV-, and CBA/SIV+ and SUC/SIV+. We used Gene Codis to determine enrichment of specific Gene Ontology Biological Processes from both the SUC/SIV+ and CBA/SIV+ gene lists. Gene Codis analysis revealed over-representation of genes involved in neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, interferon-signaling, and antigen presentation in the CBA/SIV+ group. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes between SIV- and CBA/SIV+ showed predominantly up-regulation of immune function genes and down-regulation of nervous system development and synaptic transmission genes in CBA/SIV+ animals. These findings provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which CBA may enhance neurobehavioral deficits.
2016-12-12 | GSE69685 | GEO
Project description:This project will help us to have a more accurate and useful explanation at molecular level, of the damage caused by HIV when it infects the central nervous sythem (CNS) in Humans. CNS dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-I (HIV-1) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency virus syndrome (AIDS). Minor cognitive/motor dysfunction (MCMD) and HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) develop in the absence of opportunistic infections and lymphoma, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Patients with HAD may or may not present an associated HIV encephalitis with viral replication limited to cells of monocyte origin. The inflammatory infiltrates of HIVE include activated microglia and perivascular and parenchymal monocytes, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. In addition, HIVE may be accompanied by significant loss of neurons, presynaptic terminals and abnormal dendrites. To determine if altered expression of neuronal growth factor, chemokine and cell death genes identified possible mechanisms of brain injury in AIDS patients with and without HIVE; Changes of gene expression occurring in brain of AIDS patients with and without HIVE, induce development of brain atrophy, mild gliosis, enhanced vascular permeability, along with alterations in neuronal HIV-1 chemokine coreceptors. In the cases of HIVE more remarkable gene expression changes result in significant loss of neurons, presynaptic terminals and abnormal dendrites. All these changes can be evaluated by microarray gene expression analysis and validated by Q-RT-PCR; The procedure includes 10 steps: 1-Frontal Cortex dissection from fresh frozen autopsy human brain samples (fragments of 0.8-1 cm3 are used) 2-totalRNA extraction using RNeasy Maxi Kit and following hand book protocol; Quiagen Inc., 3-RNA quantity determination using the NanoDrop ND-1000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer: Nanodrop-Technologies 4-RNA quality analyzed by ribosomal fractions 28s/18s ratio, using by Agilent RNA 6000 Assay Microchips: Agilent Technologies 5-mRNA suitability by RT-PCR test for housekeeping genes and genes of interest. 6-mRNA amplification and labeling in two steps: a-Generation of T7-conatining double stranded cDNA using T7-Poly-T Strategy (Invitrogen) b-mRNA amplification and labeling (aRNA) by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase, T7-cDNA as template and biotin-labeled ribonucleotides 7-Biotin-labeled aRNA quantity assess, as in step 3 8-Biotin-labeled aRNA determination by amplified RNA electropherogram. Agilent RNA 6000 Assay Microchips: Agilent Technologies 9-Biotin-labeled aRNA fractionation, hybridization onto HG-95aVer2 oligonucleotide array and scanning, using Affymetrix platform: Affymetrix 10-Statistical gene expression analysis: Using GeneSpring Software (Slicon Gnetics) a-Normalization to the 50th percentile and per gene to specific control samples, using 'Disease vs. Normal' as the main parameter. b-Fold of expression filter (2 folds cutoff) using signal data in ratio mode interpretation c-Welch t-test, with p< 0.05 for significance, using log of ratio mode interpretation d-Differentially expressed genes clustering by K-means, experiment and gene trees e-Differentially expressed genes analysis and classes classification by Gene Ontology and GeneMapp pathways
2008-06-13 | E-GEOD-4755 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:We investigated the link between HIV-1 integration by using B-HIVE and LEDGINs. B-HIVE tracks insert-specific HIV expression by tagging a unique barcode in the HIV genome. LEDGINs are antivirals that inhibit the interaction between HIV-IN and its chromatin tethering cofactor LEDGF/p75. They are known to retarget HIV-1 integration sites. Here, we confirmed that LEDGIN treatment retargets integration out of transcriptionally active regions and reduce HIV expression. Silent provirus was located at increased distance to H3K36me3, the recognition marker of LEDGF/p75, after treatment with LEDGINs. Viral RNA expression was also influenced by the proximity of enhancers, regardless of the presence of LEDGINs.
2020-07-03 | GSE135295 | GEO
Project description:Studies have shown that HIV-infected patients develop neurocognitive disorders characterized by neuronal dysfunction. The lack of productive infection of neurons by HIV suggests that viral and cellular proteins, with neurotoxic activities, released from HIV-1-infected target cells can cause this neuronal deregulation. The viral protein R (Vpr), a protein encoded by HIV-1, has been shown to alter the expression of various important cytokines and inflammatory proteins in infected and uninfected cells; however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Using a human neuronal cell line, we found that Vpr can be taken up by neurons causing: (i) deregulation of calcium homeostasis, (ii) endoplasmic reticulum-calcium release, (iii) activation of the oxidative stress pathway, (iv) mitochondrial dysfunction and v- synaptic retraction. In search for the cellular factors involved, we performed microRNAs and gene array assays using human neurons (primary cultures or cell line, SH-SY5Y) that we treated with recombinant Vpr proteins. Interestingly, Vpr deregulates the levels of several microRNAs (e.g. miR-34a) and their target genes (e.g. CREB), which could lead to neuronal dysfunctions. Therefore, we conclude that Vpr plays a major role in neuronal dysfunction through deregulating microRNAs and their target genes, a phenomenon that could lead to the development of neurocognitive disorders. Human fetal neurons were chosen to examine the impact of HIV-1 Vpr protein on gene expression
2012-12-07 | E-GEOD-42424 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Studies have shown that HIV-infected patients develop neurocognitive disorders characterized by neuronal dysfunction. The lack of productive infection of neurons by HIV suggests that viral and cellular proteins, with neurotoxic activities, released from HIV-1-infected target cells can cause this neuronal deregulation. The viral protein R (Vpr), a protein encoded by HIV-1, has been shown to alter the expression of various important cytokines and inflammatory proteins in infected and uninfected cells; however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Using a human neuronal cell line, we found that Vpr can be taken up by neurons causing: (i) deregulation of calcium homeostasis, (ii) endoplasmic reticulum-calcium release, (iii) activation of the oxidative stress pathway, (iv) mitochondrial dysfunction and v- synaptic retraction. In search for the cellular factors involved, we performed microRNAs and gene array assays using human neurons (primary cultures or cell line, SH-SY5Y) that we treated with recombinant Vpr proteins. Interestingly, Vpr deregulates the levels of several microRNAs (e.g. miR-34a) and their target genes (e.g. CREB), which could lead to neuronal dysfunctions. Therefore, we conclude that Vpr plays a major role in neuronal dysfunction through deregulating microRNAs and their target genes, a phenomenon that could lead to the development of neurocognitive disorders. Human neurons SH-SY5Y were chosen to examine the impact of HIV-1 Vpr protein on gene expression
2013-01-17 | E-GEOD-43535 | biostudies-arrayexpress