Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Promiscuous RNA binding by PRC2

ABSTRACT: Polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase required for epigenetic silencing during development and cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) recruit PRC2 to chromatin, but the general role of RNA in maintaining repressed chromatin is unknown. ChIP-seq, combined with RNA-seq, indicating that PRC2 is also associated with active genes, but most of these are not regulated by PRC2. These results were complemented by in vitro binding assays measuring the binding constant of human PRC2 to various RNAs and find comparable affinity for human lncRNAs targeted by PRC2 and irrelevant transcripts from ciliates and bacteria. PRC2 binding is size-dependent, with lower affinity for shorter RNAs. These findings support a model in which promiscuous binding of PRC2 to RNA transcripts allows it to scan for target genes that have escaped repression, leading to maintenance of the repressed state. Such RNAs may also provide a decoy for PRC2. Cell culture: HEK293T/17 cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS for no longer than 15 passages. ON-TARGETplus SMARTpool for human SUZ12 (Thermo Scientific, Dharmacon cat # L-006957-00-0005) was used to knockdown SUZ12 (siSUZ12) and ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting Pool (Dharmacon cat # D-001810-10-05) was used as a negative control (siCtrl). A total of 25 nM siRNA was transfected in 6-well dishes using LipofectamineM-bM-^DM-" RNAiMAX Reagent (Life Technologies, Invitrogen) following the manufacturerM-bM-^@M-^Ys recommendations. RNA-seq: Polyadenylated RNA was purified from 4 ug of RNA. cDNA libraries were prepared and double-stranded cDNA was fragmented using DNase I according to Illumina specifications, prior to adaptor ligation. Sequencing libraries were amplified and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. ChIP-seq: 30 million cells at 80% to 90% confluent culture were crosslinked in 1% v/v formaldehyde for 10 min, quenched in 150 mM glycine, washed with cold 1xPBS and harvested by scraping. Cells were lysed in Lysis Buffer (1% w/v SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.1) with 1x CompleteM-BM-. protease inhibitors (Roche). Cells were sonicated for 10 to 15 min using a BioruptorM-bM-^DM-" UCD-200 (Diagenode) with 30 sec pulses at maximum power. Lysates were diluted to 10 ml in IP Buffer (0.01% w/v SDS, 1.1% v/v Triton-X, 1.2 mM EDTA, 16.7 mM Tris-HCL pH 8.0, 167 mM NaCl) and 10 to 20 ng of antibodies were added and incubated overnight at 4 M-bM-^AM-0C with rotation. Antibodies were immunoprecipitated with 60 M-BM-5l protein G Plus/protein A Agarose Suspension (Calbiochem cat # IP05) and washed sequentially with 1 ml Low Salt Wash Buffer (0.1% w/v SDS, 1% v/v Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl), 1 ml High Salt Wash Buffer (0.1% w/v SDS, 1% v/v Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 500 mM NaCl), 1 ml LiCl Wash Buffer (0.25 M LiCl, 1% v/v Nonidet P-40, 1% w/v deoxycholate, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0) and 1 ml TE buffer (Qiagen). DNA was eluted with 0.4 ml of 0.1 M NaHCO3 and 1% w/v SDS. Eluent was transferred into a new tube and NaCl was added to a final concentration of 200 mM. Crosslinks were reversed by incubation at 65 M-bM-^AM-0C for 2 hours. Next, proteins and RNA were digested by adding 33 M-BM-5l of Digestion Reagent (0.6 M Tris-HCl pH 6.5, 152 mM EDTA, 61 ng/ml RNase A (Invitrogen cat # AM2274) and 0.61 mg/ml Proteinase K (NEB cat # P8102)) following by 1 hour incubation at 37 M-bM-^AM-0C. DNA was extracted by phenol:chloroform and ethanol precipitated. DNA was resuspended in Milli-Q pure water and concentration was measured using QubitM-bM-^DM-" (Invitrogen). At least 10 ng of recovered DNA was used to synthesize sequencing libraries using the ChIP-seq Sample Preparation kit (Illumina). Between 6 and 10 pmoles were used for sequencing on the HiSeq2000 sequencer.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Chen Davidovich

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-50177 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Glioblastoma stem cells (TS-543) were harvested and cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde for 10 mins at room temperature. The cells were lysed using SDS Lysis buffer for ChIP (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8). The lysate was then sonicated for 25 cycles at 30% amplitude (15 s ON and 45 s OFF). The sonicated samples were then diluted in ChIP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1% Triton-X-100, 1.2 mM EDTA, 16.7 mM Tris–HCl pH 8, 167 mM NaCl) and used for the immunoprecipitation with H3K27ac (Abcam, Ab4729), H2AZ (Active motive, cat#39113) and H3K27ac (Abcam cat#ab8580). After an over-night incubation with antibody, the bound DNA was washed sequentially with low salt wash buffer (0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X 100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8, 150 mM NaCl), high salt wash buffer (0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris–HCl pH 8, 500 mM NaCl), LiCl wash buffer (0.25 M LiCl, 1% NP40, 1%deoxycholate, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris–HCl pH 8) and TE wash buffer (10 mM Tris–HCl pH 8, 1 mM EDTA) to remove non-specific sequences and eluted in the elution buffer (84 mg NaHCO3, 1 ml 10% SDS, 9 ml H2O). Then the samples were reverse cross-linked using NaCl at 65°C overnight. The eluted DNA was purified and used for library preparation. Library preparation was performed as previously described as described in Bowman et al. BMC Genomics 2013. Briefly, end repair with NEBNext End Repair enzyme (NEB, E6050) and clean-up with 2.4x volume AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, A63880). A-tailing with Klenow Fragment (NEB, M0212) and purified with 2.4x volume AMPure XP beads. Adapter ligation reactions contained annealed universal adapter and T4 rapid ligase (NEB, B0202) and clean-up with 1.8x volume AMPure XP beads. Chromatin was amplified using KAPA Real-time Library Amplification Kit (KAPABIOSYSTEMS, KK2701) with universal primer and barcoded primer. Amplified chromatin was purified with QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced paired-end with Illumina NextSeq 500.

Project description:While the regulation of metabolic enzymes by oncogenic drivers or tumor suppressors has been intensively studied over recent years, our understanding of how metabolic processes directly regulate cell proliferation has remained fragmentary. Here we show how the alteration of metabolism directly affects cell cycle progression in cancer cells. We found that activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferation activated receptor gamma (PPARM-NM-3), a transcriptional master regulator of lipid metabolism, inhibits the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells by triggering a metabolic switch that inhibits pyruvate oxidation and reduces glutathione levels. These PPARM-NM-3-induced metabolic changes result in a marked increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that lead to rapid hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (RB) and cell cycle arrest. Both of these changes can be prevented by suppressing pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) or M-NM-2-oxidation of fatty acids. Thus, we provide a mechanism that directly links metabolic changes to inhibition of cancer cell cycle progression by altering ROS levels. We generated PPARG-LAP BAC transgenic NCI-H2347 and NCI-H1993 cell lines using the BAC-transgenesis approach. Cells at 80% confluency (~1-1.5x107) were cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37M-BM-0C, and quenched with 125 mM glycine at room temperature for 5 minutes. The fixed cells were washed twice with cold PBS, scraped, and transferred into 1 ml PBS containing protease inhibitors (Roche). After centrifugation at 700 g for 4 minutes at 4M-BM-0C, the cell pellets were resuspended in 100 M-NM-<l ChIP lysis buffer (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.1] with protease inhibitors) and sonicated at 4M-BM-0C with a Bioruptor (Diagenode) (30 seconds ON and 30 seconds OFF at highest power for 12 minutes). The sheared chromatin with a fragment length of ~200 M-bM-^@M-^S 600 bp) was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes at 4M-BM-0C). 100 M-NM-<l of the supernatant was used for ChIP or as input. A 1:10 dilution of the solubilized chromatin in ChIP dilution buffer (0.01% SDS, 1.1% Triton X-100, 1.2 mM EDTA, 167 mM NaCl 16.7 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.1]) was incubated at 4M-BM-0C overnight with 6 M-NM-<g/ml of a goat anti-GFP (raised against His-tagged full-length eGFP and affinity-purified with GST-tagged full-length eGFP). Immunoprecipitations were carried out by incubating with 40 M-NM-<l pre-cleared Protein G Sepharose beads (Amersham Bioscience) for 1 hour at 4M-BM-0C, followed by five washes for 10 minutes with 1ml of the following buffers: Buffer I: 0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.1], 150 mM NaCl; Buffer II: 0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.1], 500 mM NaCl; Buffer III: 0.25 M LiCl, 1% NP-40, 1% deoxycholate, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.1]; twice with TE buffer [pH 8.0]. Elution from the beads was performed twice with 100 M-NM-<l ChIP elution buffer (1% SDS, 0.1 M NaHCO3) at room temperature (RT) for 15 minutes. Protein-DNA complexes were de-crosslinked by heating at 65M-BM-0C in 192 mM NaCl for 16 hours. DNA fragments were purified using QiaQuick PCR Purification kit (Qiagen) and eluted into 30 M-NM-<l H2O according to the manufacturerM-bM-^@M-^Ys protocol after treatment with RNase A and Proteinase K.

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Promiscuous RNA binding by PRC2

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