Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Generation of Cloned Mice from Adult Neurons by Direct Nuclear Transfer

ABSTRACT: Whereas cloning mammals by direct somatic cell nuclear transfer has been successful using a wide range of donor cell types, neurons from adult brain remain M-bM-^@M-^\unclonableM-bM-^@M-^] for unknown reasons. Here we examined whether neurons from adult mice could be cloned, using a combination of two epigenetic approaches. First, we used a specific antibody to discover cell types with reduced amounts of a repressive histone mark - dimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) - and identified CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum as candidates. Second, reconstructed embryos were treated with trichostatin A (TSA), a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor. Using CA1 cells, cloned offspring were obtained at high rates, reaching 10.2% and 4.6% (per embryos transferred) for male and female donors, respectively. Cerebellar Purkinje cell nuclei were too large to maintain their genetic integrity during nuclear transfer, leading to developmental arrest of embryos. However, gene expression analysis using cloned blastocysts corroborated a high rate of genomic reprogrammability of CA1 pyramidal and Purkinje cells. Neurons from the hippocampal dentate gyrus and cerebral cortex, which had higher amounts of H3K9me2, could also be used for producing cloned offspring, but the efficiencies were low. A more thorough analysis revealed that TSA treatment was essential for cloning adult neuronal cells. This study demonstrated for the first time that adult neurons could be cloned by nuclear transfer. Furthermore, our data imply that reduced amounts of H3K9me2 and increased histone acetylation appear to act synergistically to improve the development of cloned embryos. Comparative gene expression analyses using blastocysts of cloned embryos were performed by microarray. Cloned embryos were produced with three different types of donor cells (neonatal Sertoli cells, CA1 pyramidal cells and Purkinje cells) and all cloned embryos were treated with Trichostatin A (TSA). Each embryos were cultured for 96 h and blastocysts derived from each donor cell types were subjected to gene expression microarray. For comparison of gene expression, the data sets of control sex- and genotype-matched embryos produced by in vitro fertilization and SCNT-derived blastocysts from cumulus cells treated with TSA from our previous paper (Inoue K. et al. Science 2010) were also used.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Kimiko Inoue

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-65497 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The great majority of embryos generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) display defined abnormal phenotypes after implantation, such as an increased likelihood of death and abnormal placentation. To gain better insight into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression profiles of day 6.5 postimplantation mouse embryos cloned from three different cell types (cumulus cells, neonatal Sertoli cells and fibroblasts). The embryos retrieved from the uteri were separated into embryonic (epiblast) and extraembryonic (extraembryonic ectoderm and ectoplacental cone) tissues and were subjected to gene microarray analysis. Genotype- and sex-matched embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) were used as controls. Principal component analysis revealed that whereas the gene expression patterns in the embryonic tissues varied according to the donor cell type, those in extraembryonic tissues were relatively consistent across all groups. Within each group, the embryonic tissues had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (> 2-fold vs. controls) than did the extraembryonic tissues (P < 1.0 M-CM-^W 10M-bM-^@M-^S26). In the embryonic tissues, one of the common abnormalities was upregulation of Dlk1, a paternally imprinted gene. This might be a potential cause of the occasional placenta-only conceptuses seen in SCNT-generated mouse embryos (1M-bM-^@M-^S5% per embryo transferred in our laboratory), because dysregulation of the same gene is known to cause developmental failure of embryos derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. There were also some DEGs in the extraembryonic tissues, which might explain the poor development of SCNT-derived placentas at early stages, although these alterations were not always statistically significant for all three SCNT groups because of variability. These findings suggest that SCNT affects the embryonic and extraembryonic development differentially and might cause further deterioration in the embryonic lineage in a donor cell-specific manner. This could explain donor cell-dependent variations in cloning efficiency using SCNT. Comparative gene expression analyses using E4.0 cloned blastocysts were performed by microarray. Cloned embryos were produced with cumulus cells by two different methods (cell fusion and nuclear injection). As controls, sex- and genotype-matched embryos produced by in vitro fertilization were used.

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Generation of Cloned Mice from Adult Neurons by Direct Nuclear Transfer

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