Metabolomics,Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Exposure on Intragraft Gene Expression of Kidney Transplant Patients

ABSTRACT: Treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects such as decreased growth factors and cytokines in animal models, this effect however, has not been investigated in kidney transplant recipients. We aimed to study the effect of ACEI or ARB treatment on intragraft gene expression profiles of transplant kidney biopsies using microarrays. Both groups had similar demographic characteristics in terms of age, race, sex, type of transplant, previous history of transplantation or acute rejection, panel reactive antibody levels, and immunosuppressive treatment. There were no differences in acute and chronic Banff allograft injury scores between the 2 Groups. Intragraft gene expression profiles of ACEI or ARB treated Group 2 biopsies showed decreased gene transcripts of interferon-gamma and rejection-associated transcripts (GRIT) and constitutive macrophage-associated transcripts (CMAT) compared to Group 1 biopsies. There were no statistically significant differences in expression of cytotoxic T cell (CAT), regulatory T cell (TREG), B-cell (BAT), natural killer cell (NKAT), or endothelial cell-associated transcripts (ENDAT) between the 2 Groups. Our data suggest that exposure to ACEI or ARB was associated with down-regulation of GRIT and CMAT. This anti-inflammatory effect of ACEI or ARB treatment could be an additional benefit in kidney transplant recipients. We identified 29 near normal biopsies with chronic sum allograft injury score (ct+ci+cv) â¤ 3 for gene expression profiling comparing 2 groups; Group 1 (n=16), patients with no exposure of ACEI or ARB treatment and Group 2 patients (n=13) with exposure to ACEI or ARB at least 6 months prior to kidney biopsy. Biopsies with a diagnosis of acute or chronic rejection, recurrent or de novo glomerular disease, or polyoma nephropathy were excluded.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Pilib O Broin

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-83095 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The presence of Donor-Specific anti-HLA Antibodies (DSA) is associated with an increased risk of both acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in kidney allografts. AMR has remained challenging in kidney transplantation and is the major cause of late allograft loss. However, not all patients with DSA develop AMR, leading to the question of whether this represents accommodation, if other protective mechanisms exist or if this is actually a state of pre-rejection. Clinical and histological features, and gene expression profiles of kidney biopsy and blood samples of donor-specific antibody (DSA)+ patients without rejection were compared to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) patients to elucidate the mechanisms involved in prevention of AMR. Of the 71 DSA+ patients, 46 had diagnosis of AMR and 25 did not show rejection. 50 DSA- patients without rejection were used as control. A subgroup of patients with available biopsy (n=61) and blood samples (n=54) were analyzed by microarrays. Both, DSA+/AMR+ and DSA+/AMR- biopsies showed increased expression of gene transcripts associated with cytotoxic T, natural killer cells, macrophages, interferon-gamma and rejection compared to DSA- biopsies. Regulatory T cell transcripts were up-regulated in DSA+/AMR+ and B cell transcripts in DSA+/AMR- biopsies. Whole blood gene expression analysis showed increased immune activity in only DSA+/AMR+ patients. There were no differentially expressed tolerant genes studied (n=14) in the blood or biopsy specimens of DSA+/AMR- patients. During a median 36 months follow-up, 4 DSA+/AMR- patients developed AMR, 12 continued to have DSAs but 9 lost DSAs. Gene expression profiles did not predict the development of AMR or persistence of DSAs. These results indicate increased immune activity in DSA+/AMR- biopsies despite lack of histologic findings of rejection. All clinically indicated kidney transplant biopsies performed at our institution after January 2009 were reviewed and 263 patients with anti-HLA antibody testing at the time of biopsy were identified. There were 71 DSA+ and 192 DSA- patients (Figure 1). Of the 71 DSA+ patients, 46 had biopsy diagnosis of acute AMR (n=9) or chronic AMR (n=37), and 25 had normal histopathology or minimal non-specific interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA). Of the 192 DSA- patients, 50 patients with normal histology and/or mild non-specific IFTA were used as a control group. Clinical and histopathological findings of these 3 groups (DSA+/AMR+, DSA+/AMR- and DSA-) were analyzed. A subgroup of patients who were enrolled in the Institutional Review Board-approved âImmune Monitoring Studyâ who had clinically indicated biopsy (n=61) and whole blood samples (n=54) stored were used for genomic analysis. Twenty-eight biopsy and blood samples from DSA+/AMR+ patients, 13 biopsy and 14 blood samples from DSA+/AMR- patients, and 20 biopsy and 12 blood samples from DSA- patients, were available for microarray analysis.

Project description:We study the global gene expression profiles of TGP patients with or without graft loss to determine if a clinical and/or gene expression profile can predict allograft survival. Transplant glomerulopathy (TGP) carries a poor prognosis and is associated with decreased allograft survival. In a large series of kidney transplant recipients, graft loss was observed in 38% of TGP patients at 5 years compared to 5% in patients without TGP. Among patients with TGP, predictors of poor outcome included C4d deposition in the peritubular capillaries, higher serum creatinine and proteinuria at diagnosis, the severity of interstitial fibrosis, and GBM duplication (higher Banff M-bM-^@M-^Xchronic glomerulopathy [cg]M-bM-^@M-^Y score), and the presence of DSA. However, the importance of microvascular inflammation determined by peritubular capillaritis (ptc) and glomerulitis (g) scores and the strength of DSA has not been explored thoroughly. We have recently reported the intragraft gene expression profiles of TGP patients, with or without DSA. However, the association between gene expression profiles of biopsies and the allograft survival has not been investigated. In this study, in addition to known clinical and demographic factors associated with poor outcomes in TGP, we specifically aimed to investigate if intragraft gene expression profiles by microarrays, microvascular inflammation scores, and the strength of DSA determined by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values could predict allograft loss in TGP patients. The study population was derived from renal allograft biopsies diagnosed with TGP at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY from January 2009 to December 2012. All biopsies were clinically indicated for elevated creatinine or proteinuria. A retrospective chart review was conducted to record clinical, demographic, immunological, and histopathological parameters and graft outcomes. Graft loss was defined as requiring dialysis and/or retransplantation during follow-up. Of the 525 patients who underwent clinically indicated transplant kidney biopsies, 52 patients (10%) had diagnosis of TGP. Median follow up time after the biopsy was 23 months (range, 1-46). Seventeen patients (32%) lost their allografts (defined by return to dialysis or re-transplantation) at a median time of 16 months (range, 1-44). A subgroup of patients who were enrolled in the IRB-approved M-bM-^@M-^\Immune Monitoring StudyM-bM-^@M-^] and had clinically indicated biopsy samples were included in the analysis. A total of 28 biopsy samples (8 graft loss and 20 functioning allograft) were used for gene expression profiling.

Project description:Histologic diagnosis of T cell-mediated rejection in kidney transplant biopsies has limited reproducibility because it is based on non-specific lesions using arbitrary rules that are subject to differing interpretations. We used microarray results from 403 indication biopsies previously given histologic diagnoses to develop a molecular classifier that assigned a molecular T cell-mediated rejection score to each biopsy. Independent assessment of the biopsies by multiple pathologists confirmed considerable disagreement on the presence of TCMR features: 79-88% accuracy and 35-69% sensitivity. The agreement of the molecular T cell-mediated rejection score with the histology diagnosis was similar to agreement among individual pathologists: accuracy 89%, sensitivity 51%. However, the score also predicted the consensus among pathologists, being highest when all agreed. Many discrepancies between the scores and the histologic diagnoses were in situations where histology is unreliable e.g. scarred biopsies. The score correlated with histologic lesions and gene sets associated with T cell-mediated rejection. The transcripts most often selected by the classifier were expressed in effector T cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages or inducible by interferon-gamma. Thus the T cell-mediated rejection score offers an objective assessment of kidney transplant biopsies, predicting the consensus opinion among multiple pathologists, and offering insights into underlying disease mechanisms. Antibody-mediated rejection is a major cause of kidney transplant failure, but the current diagnostic system misses most cases due to dependency on subjective non-standardized tests. We hypothesized that molecular features could provide a test to address this problem. We classified 403 biopsies by a reference standard based on microcirculation lesions and donor-specific HLA antibody, and used microarray analysis to develop a classifier that assigned each biopsy a score reflecting the probability of antibody-mediated rejection. The scores correlated with donor-specific antibody and histologic lesions: 42/45 biopsies with antibody-mediated rejection scores >0.5 had both donor-specific antibody and microcirculation lesions. Intermediate scores (0.2-0.5) were more ambiguous, but became more specific combined with donor-specific antibody. Compared to diagnoses based on histology-plus-donor-specific antibody, the scores had sensitivity 0.67; specificity 0.90. Donor-specific antibody improved the specificity to 0.97. The score correlated not only with diagnoses of individual pathologists but with the consensus among multiple pathologists. The classifier used transcripts expressed in endothelial cells (e.g. CDH13, DARC, ROBO4) and NK cells (e.g. CX3CR1, FGFBP2), as well as IFNG-inducible transcripts e.g. CXCL11. Thus the molecular phenotype of antibody-mediated rejection provides not only an objective test that predicts microcirculation lesions and donor-specific HLA antibody, but also offers mechanistic insights. All consenting renal transplant patients undergoing biopsies for cause as standard of care. 403 samples and 8 controls (nephrectomies). This dataset is part of the TransQST collection.

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Effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Exposure on Intragraft Gene Expression of Kidney Transplant Patients

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