Transcription profiling of human foreskin fibroblasts grown as multicellular spheroids or as a monolayer
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
SUBMITTER: Pertteli Salmenperä
PROVIDER: E-MEXP-1226 | biostudies-arrayexpress |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress
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Project description:To interrogate the hypoxia response pathways affected by the depletion of CAIX in BC cells, we performed gene expression profiling using SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression 60K microarrays in MDA-MB-231-shCAIX, MCF7-shCAIX and the respective control cells grown as multicellular spheroids under hypoxic or normoxic conditions. The human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 were purchased from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, UK) and maintained as recommended by the manufacturer. To generate stable CAIX silenced cells, cell lines were transfected with a pool of three plasmids each encoding CAIX-specific shRNA (1 µg) and a negative control (NC) plasmids encoding scrambled shRNAs (1 µg) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, TX, USA) using shRNA transfection medium and shRNA transfection reagent (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) according to the manufacturers’ protocol. For selection of stably transfected cells, puromycin dihydrochloride (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) was added to medium 48 h post-transfection (6 µg/ml for MCF7, 2 µg/ml for MDA-MB-231 cells). The transfected cells were plated at density 2e+3 cells per ml of serum-free DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with EGF (20ng/ml, R&D Systems, #236-EG-200), bFGF (10ng/ml, SantaCruz, #sc-4573), hydrocortisone (50 ng/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, #H0135-1MG) and 1B27 (Invitrogen, #17504001) and grown as multicellular spheroids for 5 days. To establish hypoxic conditions, the cells were cultured at 1% oxygen, 94% N2 and 5% CO2 at 37oC using humidified multi-gas incubator (Sanyo, Sanyo Electric Co.,Ltd.) for 48 hours. The normoxic control cells were incubated at 37oC with 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator (Panasonic, Panasonic Healthcare Co., Ltd.). The efficiency of CAIX silencing was assessed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence before the experiments.
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Project description:Mammalian cells were grown as multicellular aggregates (spheroids) in an effort to determine the signaling events required for two cellular transformations states; primary foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-2) and glioblastoma cancer (T98G) cells, to survive at room temperature under oxygen and nutrient-deprived conditions for extended periods of time (2 weeks) and subsequently grown out from the arrested state as adherent monolayers. HFF-2 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and 5% carbon dioxide humidified air at 37 degrees C. T98G cells were cultured in EMEM with 10% FBS, 5% non-essential amino acids and 5% carbon dioxide humidified air at 37 degreesC. Monolayers were grown in T-185 flasks to 60% confluency then split into T-185 flasks coated with a 1% agarose mix in a 2:1 media/water ratio. Cells were suspended in 30 ml of supplemented media and grown for 4 days in order to form multicellular spheroids as described previously by our group (J. Cell. Physiol., 206 [2006] 526-536; see GSE1364 and GSE1455 for similar experiments with HEK293 cells). The suspension was removed from the flasks and centrifuged (1500 x g, 2 min) and the media removed. The pellet was returned to the flasks and then placed in vacuum bags (Dri-shield 2000 moisture barrier bag from Surmount Inc., USA; Cat. number 70068), which were sealed immediately under vacuum (Deni Magic Vac, Champion model; Keystone Manufacturing, USA). Vacuum-sealed flasks were stored for 2 weeks (in the dark) at room temperature. Recovery was initiated by removing the flask from the bag and resuspending the spheroids in supplemented media and placing the flasks in a 5% CO2/humidified air incubator maintained at 37 degreesC. Timepoints for transcriptional analysis were monolayer (control), 4 day growth spheroids, 2 week stored spheroids and 7 day growth back to monolayers. There were 67 HFF-2 and 50 T98G genes that exhibited at least a 10-fold change in expression during the course of arrest and recovery. Eleven of these genes were common to both cell lines. While the trends were the same between the two cell lines for genes that were in common, the timing of the responses were clearly different. The primary fibroblasts showed significant gene expression changes during spheroid formation and returned to their initial monolayer state after the two week arrest, whereas the glioblastoma cells exhibited major changes in gene expression during the recovery process. Furthermore, the T98G cells never returned to the monolayer expression levels during the time course of the recovery phase (7 days growth under monolayer conditions). Major differences in the transcriptional data were also found between the cell lines with regards to the putative cellular location of the encoded proteins. Of the genes with significant fold changes (+/- 10-fold) for which location information is available, the primary fibroblasts were significantly enriched in genes encoding extracellular (32%) and membrane-associated (26%) proteins. The glioblastoma cells, on the other hand, had only 17% extracellular and 13% membrane-associated. The expression level trends for all genes above the 10-fold cutoff were as observed for the "in common" genes; HFF-2 genes had returned to monolayer expression levels after 7 days of recovery whereas the T98G line was still exhibiting expression values much different from that of the monolayer control.
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Project description:Spheroids, near spherical multicellular aggregates, are one of the most common types of threedimensional (3D) cell cultures. Despite decades of implementation of spheroid technology in various fields of life science and medical research, no minimal information (MI) guidelines are available to cope with heterogeneity and to stimulate transparency. To cope with this unmet need, we assembled an international consortium to develop the MISpheroID knowledgebase (https://www.mispheroid.org) and interrogation revealed heterogeneity and lack of transparency in published spheroid-related experiments. This steered us to empirically evaluate the impact of cell line, culture medium type, spheroid formation method and spheroid size on complementary spheroid metrics (RNA fingerprints, presence of cell death, ATP content, glucose to lactate conversion, secreted protein signatures, circularity, size and cancer therapy response). We measured media-induced transcriptional variation in lung cancer (A549), colorectal cancer (HCT116), ovarium cancer (SKOV3) and glioblastoma (U87MG) spheroids using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These spheroids were formed in ultra-low attachment plates and cultured in 6 different media types (DMEM high glucose, DMEM/F12, RPMI1640, DMEM low glucose, EMEM and MEM) for 5 (HCT116) or 7 (A549, SKOV3 and U87MG) days. RNA extraction was performed on 2 spheroids per condition using the miRNeasy micro kit (217084, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RNA-sequencing libraries were prepared from purified RNA using the QuantSeq 3' mRNA-Seq Library Prep Kit FWD for Illumina (Lexogen, Vienna, Austria) according to the manufacturer's instructions, using 27.5ng of RNA that was DNase treated using HL-dsDNA (Arcticzymes, TromsØ, Norway). The individual libraries were quantified by qPCR using the KAPA Library Quantification Kit (Roche, Pleasanton, CA, US) and equimolarly pooled. The pool concentration was measured with Qubit and 1.4pM with 1% PhiX was sequenced on a NextSeq 500 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, US) using a high-output 1x75 run. Reads were mapped to the human genome using Tophat and gene expression counts were generated using HTSeq. This data was used to perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).
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