Dataset Information

Youth and adult understanding of public displays of information about harmful constituents in cigarette smoke.

ABSTRACT: The U.S. FDA is required by law to publicly display a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) "by brand and by quantity in each brand and subbrand" in a format that is "understandable and not misleading to a lay person." An online experiment examined youth and adult understanding of which HPHCs are present in cigarette smoke, understanding of health effects of smoking cigarettes, and endorsement of misleading information after viewing HPHC information displayed in one of six formats. We recruited youth (N = 1324) and adults (N = 2904) from an online panel and randomized them to one of six formats of presenting HPHC information. Participants responded to survey items before and after exposure to an HPHC format. Understanding of HPHCs in cigarette smoke and understanding of health effects of cigarette smoking significantly increased pre- to post-exposure for all formats. Respondents (20.6% to 73.5%) endorsed misleading beliefs after exposure to information about HPHCs. Endorsement of the one misleading belief that was measured pre- and post-exposure significantly increased for viewers of four formats. All formats increased understanding of HPHCs in cigarette smoke and the health effects of smoking cigarettes, but some participants endorsed each misleading belief after exposure to HPHC information.

SUBMITTER: Venrick SJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10023421 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Youth and adult understanding of public displays of information about harmful constituents in cigarette smoke.

Venrick Samantha J SJ Margolis Katherine A KA Bernat Jennifer K JK Pepper Jessica K JK Nonnemaker James M JM Eggers Matthew E ME

Preventive medicine 20230220

The U.S. FDA is required by law to publicly display a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) "by brand and by quantity in each brand and subbrand" in a format that is "understandable and not misleading to a lay person." An online experiment examined youth and adult understanding of which HPHCs are present in cigarette smoke, understanding of health effects of smoking cigarettes, and endorsement of misleading information after viewing HPHC information displayed in one of six ...[more]

PMID: 36813248

Similar Datasets

Project description:IntroductionThe US Food and Drug Administration has increased communication efforts that aim to raise public awareness of the harmful constituents (ie, chemicals) in cigarette smoke. We sought to investigate whether the public's awareness of these chemicals has increased in light of such efforts.MethodsParticipants were national probability samples of 11 322 US adults and adolescents recruited in 2014-2015 (wave 1) and 2016-2017 (wave 2). Cross-sectional telephone surveys assessed awareness of 24 cigarette smoke chemicals at both timepoints.ResultsThe proportion of US adults aware of cigarette smoke chemicals did not differ between waves 1 and 2 (25% and 26%, p = .19). In contrast, awareness of chemicals among adolescents fell from 28% to 22% (p < .001), mostly due to lower awareness of carbon monoxide, arsenic, benzene, and four other chemicals. Belief that most of the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke come from burning the cigarette also fell from waves 1 to 2 (adults: 31% vs. 26%; adolescents: 47% vs. 41%, both ps < .05). Participants were more likely to be aware of cigarette smoke chemicals if they had been exposed to anti-smoking campaign advertisements (p < .05) or had previously sought chemical information (p < .05). Cigarette smoke chemical awareness did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers.ConclusionAwareness of cigarette smoke chemicals remains low and unchanged among adults and decreased somewhat among adolescents. The association of chemical awareness with information exposure via campaigns and information seeking behavior is promising. More concerted communication efforts may be needed to increase public awareness of cigarette smoke chemicals, which could potentially discourage smoking.ImplicationsAwareness of the toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke may contribute to quitting. The US Food and Drug Administration is making efforts to increase public awareness of these chemicals. Two national surveys (2014-2017) found that chemical awareness was low among adults and adolescents. Although awareness did not change among adults, awareness among adolescents dropped over time. In addition, exposure to anti-smoking campaigns and chemical information seeking behavior were associated with higher awareness of chemicals in cigarette smoke. Campaigns and other efforts may be needed to increase awareness of cigarette smoke chemicals.

Project description:IntroductionHeating rather than burning tobacco reduces levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, and consumer products using this approach aim to reduce exposure to tobacco toxicants. The Tobacco Heating System (THS) version 2.1 has been enhanced from earlier prototypes with an improved heat control and sensorial experience and thereby user acceptance. Exposure measurements are required to determine whether it may be possible to reduce the individual health risk compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CCs).MethodsThis controlled clinical study randomly assigned 40 smokers to either a group continuing to use of their own CC brand (n = 20) or a group switching to THS 2.1 (n = 20) for 5 days. Biomarkers of exposure were measured at baseline and on day 1 through day 5. Product consumption, Human Puffing Topography, the occurrence of adverse events, and an assessment of subjective effects, such as smoking satisfaction and enjoyment of respiratory tract sensations, were also determined.ResultsThe group of smokers who switched to THS 2.1 adapted their puffing behavior initially through longer puff duration and more puffs. During the duration of the study, total puff volume returned to baseline levels and the mean daily product consumption increased but with similar nicotine exposure compared to baseline CC use. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants which inform product risk assessment were significantly reduced with THS use compared to the CC group. THS 2.1 users experienced less reinforcing effects with THS 2.1 than with their own cigarette brand.ConclusionsTHS 2.1 is a promising alternative to smoking CCs. Notwithstanding possible use adaption through consumption or puffing behavior, the exposure to harmful smoke constituents was markedly reduced with the new heated tobacco platform.ImplicationsExposure markers to harmful and potentially harmful smoke constituents were lowered with the THS 2.1. Heating tobacco instead of burning can offer a potentially lower risk of delivering nicotine compared to CCs.

Project description:IntroductionReal-world evidence regarding likely long-term health effects of e-vapor products (EVP) under actual use conditions relative to cigarette smoking is not well studied.MethodsIn this cross-sectional, observational study, biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents and biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH) relevant to smoking-related diseases were measured in exclusive adult EVP users (AEVP, n = 144) and exclusive adult cigarette smokers (AS, n = 73). AEVP used their own brand of EVP for 6+ months following 10+ years of cigarette smoking and AS smoked own brand of cigarettes for 10+ years. Subject recruitment and informed consent were obtained online and urine/blood samples were collected at local clinical laboratories, representing a new paradigm for collecting real-world evidence.ResultsThe levels of total NNAL (NNK metabolite), 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (acrolein metabolite), and carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide measure) were 46% to 86% lower in AEVP compared with AS (p ≤ .0001) as was nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its five metabolites; 36%, p < .01). The levels of some BOPH were significantly lower in AEVP compared with AS for 11-dehydrothromboxane-B2 (29%, p = .04; platelet activation), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (23%, p = .02; oxidative stress) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (16%, p = .02; endothelial function).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the feasibility of a new approach for collecting real-world evidence. Substantially lower levels of BOEs (NNK, nicotine, acrolein, carbon monoxide) and favorable differences in BOPHs (platelet activation, oxidative stress, endothelial function) suggest EVP users may have lower health risks than cigarette smokers.ImplicationsCigarette smoking causes serious diseases. Switching from a combustible tobacco product to a noncombustible product is a potential harm reduction pathway for adult smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Real-world evidence regarding the relative risk of EVP use compared with cigarettes is not well established. This study provides data specific to BOE to tobacco smoke constituents and biomarkers of potential harm collected under actual use conditions in a real-world setting. The totality of evidence suggests that exclusive EVP use may present lower health risk compared with smoking cigarettes.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:To provide a hazard prioritisation for reported chemical constituents of cigarette smoke using toxicological risk assessment principles and assumptions. The purpose is to inform prevention efforts using harm reduction. DATA SOURCES:International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs; California and US Environmental Protection Agency cancer potency factors (CPFs) and reference exposure levels; scientific journals and government reports from the USA, Canada, and New Zealand. STUDY SELECTION:This was an inclusive review of studies reporting yields of cigarette smoke constituents using standard ISO methods. DATA EXTRACTION:Where possible, the midpoint of reported ranges of yields was used. DATA SYNTHESIS:Data on 158 compounds in cigarette smoke were found. Of these, 45 were known or suspected human carcinogens. Cancer potency factors were available for 40 of these compounds and reference exposure levels (RELs) for non-cancer effects were found for 17. A cancer risk index (CRI) was calculated by multiplying yield levels with CPFs. A non-cancer risk index (NCRI) was calculated by dividing yield levels with RELs. Gas phase constituents dominate both CRI and NCRI for cigarette smoke. The contribution of 1,3-butadiene (BDE) to CRI was more than twice that of the next highest contributing carcinogen (acrylonitrile) using potencies from the State of California EPA. Using those potencies from the USEPA, BDE ranked third behind arsenic and acetaldehyde. A comparison of CRI estimates with estimates of smoking related cancer deaths in the USA showed that the CRI underestimates the observed cancer rates by about fivefold using ISO yields in the exposure estimate. CONCLUSIONS:The application of toxicological risk assessment methods to cigarette smoke provides a plausible and objective framework for the prioritisation of carcinogens and other toxicant hazards in cigarette smoke. However, this framework does not enable the prediction of actual cancer risk for a number of reasons that are discussed. Further, the lack of toxicology data on cardiovascular end points for specific chemicals makes the use of this framework less useful for cardiovascular toxicity. The bases for these priorities need to be constantly re-evaluated as new toxicology information emerges.

Project description:IntroductionGiven the lack of regulation on marketing of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States and the increasing exchange of e-cigarette-related information online, it is critical to understand how e-cigarette companies market e-cigarettes and how the public engages with e-cigarette information.MethodsResults are from a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on e-cigarettes via a PubMed search through June 1, 2017. Search terms included: "e-cigarette*" or "electronic cigarette" or "electronic cigarettes" or "electronic nicotine delivery" or "vape" or "vaping." Experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, observational studies, qualitative studies, and mixed methods studies providing empirical findings on e-cigarette marketing and communication (ie, nonmarketing communication in the public) were included.ResultsOne hundred twenty-four publications on e-cigarette marketing and communication were identified. They covered topics including e-cigarette advertisement claims/promotions and exposure/receptivity, the effect of e-cigarette advertisements on e-cigarette and cigarette use, public engagement with e-cigarette information, and the public's portrayal of e-cigarettes. Studies show increases in e-cigarette marketing expenditures and online engagement through social media over time, that e-cigarettes are often framed as an alternative to combustible cigarettes, and that e-cigarette advertisement exposure may be associated with e-cigarette trial in adolescents and young adults.DiscussionFew studies examine the effects of e-cigarette marketing on perceptions and e-cigarette and cigarette use. Evidence suggests that exposure to e-cigarette advertisements affects perceptions and trial of e-cigarettes, but there is no evidence that exposure affects cigarette use. No studies examined how exposure to e-cigarette communication, particularly misleading or inaccurate information, impacts e-cigarette, and tobacco use behaviors.ImplicationsThe present article provides a comprehensive review of e-cigarette marketing and how the public engages with e-cigarette information. Studies suggest an association between exposure to e-cigarette marketing and lower harm perceptions of e-cigarettes, intention to use e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette trial, highlighting the need to for advertising regulations that support public health goals. Findings from this review also present the methodological limitations of the existing research (primarily due to cross-sectional and correlational analyses) and underscore the need for timely, rigorous research to provide an accurate understanding of e-cigarette marketing and communication and its impact on e-cigarette and tobacco product use.

Dataset Information

Youth and adult understanding of public displays of information about harmful constituents in cigarette smoke.

Publications

Youth and adult understanding of public displays of information about harmful constituents in cigarette smoke.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets