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Executive function and the continued influence of misinformation: A latent-variable analysis.

ABSTRACT: Misinformation can continue to influence reasoning after correction; this is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Theoretical accounts of the CIE suggest failure of two cognitive processes to be causal, namely memory updating and suppression of misinformation reliance. Both processes can also be conceptualised as subcomponents of contemporary executive function (EF) models; specifically, working-memory updating and prepotent-response inhibition. EF may thus predict susceptibility to the CIE. The current study investigated whether individual differences in EF could predict individual differences in CIE susceptibility. Participants completed several measures of EF subcomponents, including those of updating and inhibition, as well as set shifting, and a standard CIE task. The relationship between EF and CIE was then assessed using a correlation analysis of the EF and CIE measures, as well as structural equation modelling of the EF-subcomponent latent variable and CIE latent variable. Results showed that EF can predict susceptibility to the CIE, especially the factor of working-memory updating. These results further our understanding of the CIE's cognitive antecedents and provide potential directions for real-world CIE intervention.

SUBMITTER: McIlhiney P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10075451 | biostudies-literature | 2023

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Executive function and the continued influence of misinformation: A latent-variable analysis.

McIlhiney Paul P Gignac Gilles E GE Ecker Ullrich K H UKH Kennedy Briana L BL Weinborn Michael M

PloS one 20230405 4

Misinformation can continue to influence reasoning after correction; this is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Theoretical accounts of the CIE suggest failure of two cognitive processes to be causal, namely memory updating and suppression of misinformation reliance. Both processes can also be conceptualised as subcomponents of contemporary executive function (EF) models; specifically, working-memory updating and prepotent-response inhibition. EF may thus predict susceptibility to th ...[more]

PMID: 37018324

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Project description:Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been frequently applied to executive function measurement since first used to identify a three-factor model of inhibition, updating, and shifting; however, subsequent CFAs have supported inconsistent models across the life span, ranging from unidimensional to nested-factor models (i.e., bifactor without inhibition). This systematic review summarized CFAs on performance-based tests of executive functions and reanalyzed summary data to identify best-fitting models. Eligible CFAs involved 46 samples (N = 9,756). The most frequently accepted models varied by age (i.e., preschool = one/two-factor; school-age = three-factor; adolescent/adult = three/nested-factor; older adult = two/three-factor), and most often included updating/working memory, inhibition, and shifting factors. A bootstrap reanalysis simulated 5,000 samples from 21 correlation matrices (11 child/adolescent; 10 adult) from studies including the three most common factors, fitting seven competing models. Model results were summarized as the mean percent accepted (i.e., average rate at which models converged and met fit thresholds: CFI ≥ .90/RMSEA ≤ .08) and mean percent selected (i.e., average rate at which a model showed superior fit to other models: ΔCFI ≥ .005/.010/ΔRMSEA ≤ -.010/-.015). No model consistently converged and met fit criteria in all samples. Among adult samples, the nested-factor was accepted (41-42%) and selected (8-30%) most often. Among child/adolescent samples, the unidimensional model was accepted (32-36%) and selected (21-53%) most often, with some support for two-factor models without a differentiated shifting factor. Results show some evidence for greater unidimensionality of executive function among child/adolescent samples and both unity and diversity among adult samples. However, low rates of model acceptance/selection suggest possible bias toward the publication of well-fitting but potentially nonreplicable models with underpowered samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Project description:BackgroundExecutive dysfunction and depression are common among ICU survivors, yet the mechanisms linking these two factors remain poorly understood. Self-confidence has been implicated as a key mediator in the relationship between cognitive impairments and mental health outcomes. This study aimed to explore the mediating role of self-confidence in the association between executive functioning and depression in ICU survivors.MethodA provisional questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional study to assess quality of life in 395 adult ICU survivors, each with a minimum 72-h stay at one of three ICUs at a Swedish university hospital, six months to three years post-discharge. Responses to questions on executive function, self-confidence, and depression were analysed. Structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to examine the mediating effect of self-confidence on the relationship between executive function and depression. Model fit was evaluated using established indicators. Reliability of the measures was assessed using McDonald's Omega and Cronbach's Alpha.ResultsA significant positive correlation was found between depressive symptoms and both diminished self-confidence (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and poorer executive function (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Additionally, a correlation was observed between reduced self-confidence and compromised executive function (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Age was negatively associated with depression, self-confidence, and executive function, while male gender was positively correlated with higher self-confidence. Mediation analysis revealed that the effect of impaired executive function on depressive symptoms was fully mediated by diminished self-confidence (B = 0.45; 95% CI 0.34-0.59). The direct effect of executive function on depression became non-significant when self-confidence was included in the model (B = 0.07, p = 0.18), suggesting complete mediation. The overall model fit was satisfactory (CFI = 0.962; RMSEA = 0.075), highlighting the robustness of the mediation pathway.ConclusionsSelf-confidence mediates the relationship between executive function and depression among ICU survivors. Interventions aimed at enhancing self-confidence could mitigate depressive symptoms in the ICU survivor population. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings and further explore the causal pathways involved. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Ref# NCT02767180; Registered 28 April 2016.

Project description:Introduction It is well-known that, in Parkinson's disease (PD), executive function (EF) and motor deficits lead to reduced walking performance. As previous studies investigated mainly patients during the compensated phases of the disease, the aim of this study was to investigate the above associations in acutely hospitalized patients with PD. Methods A total of seventy-four acutely hospitalized patients with PD were assessed with the delta Trail Making Test (ΔTMT, TMT-B minus TMT-A) and the Movement Disorder Society-revised version of the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS III). Walking performance was assessed with wearable sensors under single (ST; fast and normal pace) and dual-task (DT; walking and checking boxes as the motor secondary task and walking and subtracting seven consecutively from a given three-digit number as the cognitive secondary task) conditions over 20 m. Multiple linear regression and Bayes factor BF10 were performed for each walking parameter and their dual-task costs while walking (DTC) as dependent variables and also included ΔTMT, MDS-UPDRS III, age, and gender. Results Under ST, significant negative effects of the use of a walking aid and MDS-UPDRS III on gait speed and at a fast pace on the number of steps were observed. Moreover, depending on the pace, the use of a walking aid, age, and gender affected step time variability. Under walking-cognitive DT, a resolved variance of 23% was observed in the overall model for step time variability DTC, driven mainly by age (β = 0.26, p = 0.09). Under DT, no other significant effects could be observed. ΔTMT showed no significant associations with any of the walking conditions. Discussion The results of this study suggest that, in acutely hospitalized patients with PD, reduced walking performance is mainly explained by the use of a walking aid, motor symptoms, age, and gender, and EF deficits surprisingly do not seem to play a significant role. However, these patients with PD should avoid walking-cognitive DT situations, as under this condition, especially step time variability, a parameter associated with the risk of falling in PD worsens.

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Executive function and the continued influence of misinformation: A latent-variable analysis.

Publications

Executive function and the continued influence of misinformation: A latent-variable analysis.

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