Subjective experience, self-efficacy, and motivation of professional football referees during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT: The present multi-study article investigates the subjective experience of professional football (a.k.a. soccer) referees and players during the COVID-19 pandemic and the so-called ghost games (i.e., games without supporters). Referees from the Austrian Football Association completed questionnaires inquiring about self-efficacy, motivation, and general personal observations and perceptions (e.g., arousal or confidence). In addition, two players and one referee in the Austrian Football Bundesliga were interviewed retrospectively regarding their subjective experience during ghost games and the effects of emotions on behavior and performance using semi-structured, video-taped interviews. Results of the referee survey indicate that the most profound differences between regular games and ghost g

SUBMITTER: Richlan F 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10166025 | biostudies-literature | 2023

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature