Dataset Information

The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula.

ABSTRACT: Some of the earliest Western European macroremains of rye (Secale cereale) have been recently recovered in Northwest Iberia. However, the chronological and cultural contexts of these remains have not been yet exhaustively analysed. To address this gap of research, previous and unpublished assemblages have been reviewed and analysed through an analytical set of methods: biometry, radiocarbon dates and integrating the remains of rye in the broad archaeobotanical record of the region. Results show the earliest macroremains of rye in the Iberian Peninsula date to a period between the 3rd century and the first half of the 1st century BCE. Rye was usually found in assemblages dominated by spelt and other cereals, in whose fields it was likely acting as a weed. There is no record of rye for about the two following centuries, after which it is probably reintroduced, now as a crop. It is found in several sites from the 3rd-4th centuries CE onwards, suggesting it is a staple crop as in other regions in Europe. Significant differences in grain size are only recorded in a 10th-11th century settlement, suggesting few changes in grain morphometry before Medieval times.

SUBMITTER: Seabra L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10171662 | biostudies-literature | 2023

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula.

Seabra Luís L Teira-Brión Andrés A López-Dóriga Inés I Martín-Seijo María M Almeida Rubim R Tereso João Pedro JP

PloS one 20230510 5

Some of the earliest Western European macroremains of rye (Secale cereale) have been recently recovered in Northwest Iberia. However, the chronological and cultural contexts of these remains have not been yet exhaustively analysed. To address this gap of research, previous and unpublished assemblages have been reviewed and analysed through an analytical set of methods: biometry, radiocarbon dates and integrating the remains of rye in the broad archaeobotanical record of the region. Results show ...[more]

PMID: 37163473

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Project description:BackgroundRolling of leaves (RL) is a phenomenon commonly found in grasses. Morphology of the leaf is an important agronomic trait in field crops especially in rice; therefore, majority of the rice breeders are interested in RL. There are only few studies with respect to RL of wheat and barley; however, the information regarding the genetic base of RL with respect to the shape of leaf in rye is lacking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the localization of loci controlling RL on high density consensus genetic map of rye.ResultsGenotypic analysis led to the identification of 43 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for RL, grouped into 28 intervals, which confirms the multigenic base of the trait stated for wheat and rice. Four stable QTLs were located on chromosomes 3R, 5R, and 7R. Co-localization of QTL for RL and for different morphological, biochemical and physiological traits may suggests pleiotropic effects of some QTLs. QTLs for RL were associated with QTLs for such morphological traits as: grain number and weight, spike number per plant, compactness of spike, and plant height. Two QTLs for RL were found to coincide with QTLs for drought tolerance (4R, 7R), two with QTLs for heading earliness (2R, 7R), one with α-amylase activity QTL (7R) and three for pre-harvest sprouting QTL (1R, 4R, 7R). The set of molecular markers strongly linked to RL was selected, and the putative candidate genes controlling the process of RL were identified. Twelve QTLs are considered as linked to candidate genes on the base of DArT sequences alignment, which is a new information for rye.ConclusionsOur results expand the knowledge about the network of QTLs for different morphological, biochemical and physiological traits and can be a starting point to studies on particular genes controlling RL and other important agronomic traits (yield, earliness, pre-harvest sprouting, reaction to water deficit) and to appoint markers useful in marker assisted selection (MAS). A better knowledge of the rye genome and genes could both facilitate rye improvement itself and increase the efficiency of utilizing rye genes in wheat breeding.

Project description:Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an important cereal crop used for food, beverages, and feed, especially in North-Eastern Europe. While rye is generally more tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses than other cereals, it still can be infected by several diseases, including scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis. The aims of this study were to investigate the genetic architecture of scald resistance, to identify genetic markers associated with scald resistance, which could be used in breeding of hybrid rye and to develop a model for genomic prediction for scald resistance. Four datasets with records of scald resistance on a population of 251 hybrid winter rye lines grown in 2 years and at 3 locations were used for this study. Four genomic models were used to obtain variance components and heritabilities of scald resistance. All genomic models included additive genetic effects of the parental components of the hybrids and three of the models included additive-by-additive epistasis and/or dominance effects. All models showed moderate to high broad sense heritabilities in the range of 0.31 (SE 0.05) to 0.76 (0.02). The model without non-additive genetic effects and the model with dominance effects had moderate narrow sense heritabilities ranging from 0.24 (0.06) to 0.55 (0.08). None of the models detected significant non-additive genomic variances, likely due to a limited data size. A genome wide association study was conducted to identify markers associated with scald resistance in hybrid winter rye. In three datasets, the study identified a total of twelve markers as being significantly associated with scald resistance. Only one marker was associated with a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing scald resistance. This marker explained 11-12% of the phenotypic variance in two locations. Evidence of genotype-by-environment interactions was found for scald resistance between one location and the other two locations, which suggested that scald resistance was influenced by different QTLs in different environments. Based on the results of the genomic prediction models and GWAS, scald resistance seems to be a quantitative trait controlled by many minor QTL and one major QTL, and to be influenced by genotype-by-environment interactions.

Dataset Information

The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula.

Publications

The introduction and spread of rye (Secale cereale) in the Iberian Peninsula.

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