An Updated Review on Current Treatment of Alopecia Areata and Newer Therapeutic Options.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Malhotra K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10251289 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan-Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The number of alopecia areata (AA) clinical trials with Jak inhibitors of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, including Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and tyrosine-protein kinase has increased significantly since the last Research Summit. This fact means that the conversation about current treatments for AA now also needs to include a discussion of traditionally used off-label therapies as well as evolving therapies as with Jak inhibitors.
| S-EPMC11549921 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune, nonscarring hair loss disorder with slightly greater prevalence in children than adults. Various treatment modalities exist; however, their evidence in pediatric AA patients is lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence of current treatment modalities for pediatric AA.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review on the PubMed database in October 2019 for all published articles involving patients <18 years old. Articles discussing AA treatment in pediatric patients were included, as were articles discussing both pediatric and adult patients, if data on individual pediatric patients were available.ResultsInclusion criteria were met by 122 total reports discussing 1032 patients. Reports consisted of 2 randomized controlled trials, 4 prospective comparative cohorts, 83 case series, 2 case-control studies, and 31 case reports. Included articles assessed the use of aloe, apremilast, anthralin, anti-interferon gamma antibodies, botulinum toxin, corticosteroids, contact immunotherapies, cryotherapy, hydroxychloroquine, hypnotherapy, imiquimod, Janus kinase inhibitors, laser and light therapy, methotrexate, minoxidil, phototherapy, psychotherapy, prostaglandin analogs, sulfasalazine, topical calcineurin inhibitors, topical nitrogen mustard, and ustekinumab.LimitationsEnglish-only articles with full texts were used. Manuscripts with adult and pediatric data were only incorporated if individual-level data for pediatric patients were provided. No meta-analysis was performed.ConclusionTopical corticosteroids are the preferred first-line treatment for pediatric AA, as they hold the highest level of evidence, followed by contact immunotherapy. More clinical trials and comparative studies are needed to further guide management of pediatric AA and to promote the potential use of pre-existing, low-cost, and novel therapies, including Janus kinase inhibitors.
| S-EPMC8556406 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder characterized by transient, non-scarring hair loss and preservation of the hair follicle. Hair loss can take many forms ranging from loss in well-defined patches to diffuse or total hair loss, which can affect all hair-bearing sites. Patchy alopecia areata affecting the scalp is the most common type. Alopecia areata affects nearly 2% of the general population at some point during their lifetime. Skin biopsies of affected skin show a lymphocytic infiltrate in and around the bulb or the lower part of the hair follicle in the anagen (hair growth) phase. A breakdown of immune privilege of the hair follicle is thought to be an important driver of alopecia areata. Genetic studies in patients and mouse models have shown that alopecia areata is a complex, polygenic disease. Several genetic susceptibility loci were identified to be associated with signalling pathways that are important to hair follicle cycling and development. Alopecia areata is usually diagnosed based on clinical manifestations, but dermoscopy and histopathology can be helpful. Alopecia areata is difficult to manage medically, but recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms have revealed new treatments and the possibility of remission in the near future.
| S-EPMC5573125 | biostudies-other
Project description:Alopecia areata (AA) is a relapsing, chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss that can affect any hair-bearing site. AA clinical presentation is heterogeneous. Its pathogenesis involves immune and genetic factors and several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in AA pathogenesis, including interleukin-15 and interferon-γ, as well as Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4/IL-13, that signal through Janus kinase (JAK) pathway. AA treatment aims to stop its progression and reverse hair loss, and JAK inhibition has been shown to stop hair loss and reverse alopecia and has exhibited promising results in treating AA in clinical trials. Baricitinib, an oral, reversible, selective JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, was shown to be superior to placebo on hair growth after 36 weeks of treatment in adults with severe AA in a phase 2 trial and recently in two phase 3 trials (BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2). In both studies, the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infection, acne, headache, and elevated creatine kinase levels. On the basis of these trial results, baricitinib was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adults with severe AA. Nevertheless, longer trials are needed to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of baricitinib in AA. Current trials are ongoing and are planned to remain randomized and blinded for up to 200 weeks.
| S-EPMC10191081 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The advancement of genetic and preclinical studies has uncovered the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA). The development of targeted therapies using small molecules blocking specific pathways for the treatment of AA is underway. By repurposing Food and Drug Administration-approved small molecule JAK inhibitors as treatments for AA, it has been demonstrated that JAK inhibitors can effectively reverse hair loss in patients with moderate to severe AA. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current preclinical and clinical studies on JAK inhibitors, as well as the prospects of using JAK inhibitors for the treatment of AA.
| S-EPMC6475885 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated form of nonscarring alopecia that is multifactorial and results in localized patches. It is often described as a self-limiting condition that results in the spontaneous regrowth of hair in most cases. However, this regrowth may take several months or years to occur in some patients, leading to the development of psychoemotional trauma in those that are affected. Although several therapies for AA have been developed and tested, there is no specific treatment that has been approved, leading to the availability of many off-label conventional treatment options, with very limited responses. More recently, with the advancement of pre-clinical and genetic studies, a greater understanding of the pathomechanisms involved in the development of AA has been uncovered. This has resulted in the introduction of targeted therapies that use small molecules to block specific pathways involved in AA pathophysiology. As such, the use of janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for treatment of AA has emerged. JAK inhibitors block the T-cell mediated inflammatory response thought to be the driving factor behind AA pathogenesis, by inhibiting the janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, leading to a reversal of hair loss in AA patients. Thus, in an effort to demonstrate the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of AA, several studies have been published within recent years. However, the question remains, "Are JAK inhibitors effective and safe in the management of Alopecia Areata?". This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the role, efficacy, and outcomes of using JAK inhibitors in the treatment of AA. To competently answer the research question highlighted, the most recent, quality articles published over a 10-15-year period were sourced using PubMed, NCBI, Research gate, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE and Google scholar. The literature search was primarily focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs); however, in the absence of such, only the most recently published case reports, case series, clinical trials and open-label studies published to date were included.
| S-EPMC8242127 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alopecia areata (AA), a prevalent inflammatory cause of hair loss, lacks FDA-approved therapeutics for extensive cases, which are associated with very poor rates of spontaneous hair regrowth and major psychological distress. Current treatments for severe cases include broad immune-suppressants, which are associated with significant adverse effects, precluding long-term use, with rapid hair loss following treatment termination. As a result of the extent of the disease in severe cases, topical contact sensitizers and intralesional treatments are of limited use. The pathogenesis of AA is not yet fully understood, but recent investigations of the immune activation in AA skin reveal Th1/IFN-γ, as well as Th2, PDE4, IL-23, and IL-9 upregulations. Tissue analyses of both animal models and human lesions following broad-acting and cytokine-specific therapeutics (such as JAK inhibitors and ustekinumab, respectively) provide another opportunity for important insights into the pathogenesis of AA. As reviewed in this paper, numerous novel therapeutics are undergoing clinical trials for AA, emphasizing the potential transformation of the clinical practice of AA, which is currently lacking. Dermatologists are already familiar with the revolution in disease management of psoriasis, stemming from better understanding of immune dysregulations, and atopic dermatitis will soon follow a similar path. In light of these recent developments, the therapeutic arena of AA treatments is finally getting more exciting. AA will join the lengthening list of dermatologic diseases with mechanism-targeted drugs, thus changing the face of AA.
| S-EPMC5504208 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceAlopecia areata (AA) is characterized by hair loss ranging from patches of hair loss to more extensive forms, including alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU). There is a lack of consensus for treatment. Understanding current practice patterns could help the identification of treatment needs and development of standards of care.ObjectiveTo review treatment patterns for adults with AA in the US between 2015 and 2020.Design, setting, and participantsThis retrospective cohort study used medicine and pharmacy claims for commercially insured individuals from the IBM MarketScan Research Database to assess adults (≥18 years) newly treated for AA between October 15, 2015, and February 28, 2020. Alopecia areata was identified based on having at least 1 diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code L63.x. Patients were required to have at least 365 days of continuous health plan enrollment before and after the cohort entry date. Patients were required to be free of AA diagnosis codes 365 days before the cohort entry date. Statistical analyses were conducted between 2019 and 2023.Main outcomes and measuresMain outcomes were treatment patterns for all patients with AA and subgroups of (1) patients with AT or AU and (2) those cared for by a dermatologist on the cohort entry date. Longitudinal therapy course during the first year after the diagnosis was also examined.ResultsThe study cohort consisted of 45 483 individuals (mean [SD] age, 43.8 [14.2] years; 29 903 [65.7%] female). During the year of follow-up, 30 217 patients (66.4%) received at least 1 AA treatment. The most common treatments were intralesional (19 014 [41.8%]), topical (18 604 [40.9%]), intramuscular (17 328 [38.1%]), and oral (9378 [20.6%]) corticosteroids. Compared with patients without AT or AU, patients with AT or AU a lower frequency of intralesional steroid (359 [11.1%] vs 18 655 [44.1%], P < .001) and higher frequency of topical corticosteroid (817 [25.4%] vs 17 787 [42.1%], P < .001) use. Almost half of patients (21 489 [47.2%]) received no treatment on the day of diagnosis. By 12 months, 32 659 (71.8%) were not receiving any treatment, making no treatment the largest study group.Conclusions and relevanceIn this large cohort study of commercially insured individuals, corticosteroids were the most commonly used treatment for adults with AA between 2015 and 2020. At 365 days after diagnosis, more than two-thirds of patients were no longer receiving any AA treatment. Further studies are needed to understand the reasons for the absence of treatment.
| S-EPMC10512165 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Two patients with alopecia areata were treated with systemic ruxolitinib. Skin biopsies were taken before starting treatment and 12 weeks after starting treatment. We used microarrays to assess changes in gene expression of affected skin before and after starting treatment Two patients with alopecia areata were recruited for our study. Skin biopsies of affected scalp were taken prior to starting treatment with oral ruxolinitib. Additional skin biopsies were taken 12 weeks after starting treatment. Scalp skin biopsies were taken from patients without alopecia areata for comparison. RNA was extracted, cDNA libraries were made and profiled on affymetrix microarray chips.
2014-08-17 | E-GEOD-58573 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a disease of hair loss in which patients may benefit from comprehensive understanding of AA's disease process and therapeutic options during treatment decision-making.ObjectiveDetermine factors influencing patients' AA treatment decision-making.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Interviews were coded using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsTwenty-one participants with AA were interviewed. Coding interrater reliability was κ = 0.87-0.91, indicating strong-almost perfect agreement. Participants faced multiple barriers, including lack of access to health care (n = 10, 47.6%) and lack of transparency about their condition and treatment options (n = 9, 42.9%). Information about AA was sought from primarily the internet (n = 15, 71.4%) and physician recommendation (n = 15, 71.4%). When choosing AA treatments, patients often considered treatment efficacy (n = 21, 100%), safety (n = 21, 100%), and convenience of use (n = 20, 95.2%).LimitationsReferral and regional biases may be present and limit generalizability.ConclusionsPatients with AA face various challenges including medical uncertainty and lack of information. Patients need trustworthy and accessible sources of information regarding their treatment that also take into consideration their preferences and values.
| S-EPMC9850169 | biostudies-literature