New Approach Methodologies for the Endocrine Activity Toolbox: Environmental Assessment for Fish and Amphibians.

ABSTRACT: Multiple in vivo test guidelines focusing on the estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis pathways have been developed and validated for mammals, amphibians, or fish. However, these tests are resource-intensive and often use a large number of laboratory animals. Developing alternatives for in vivo tests is consistent with the replacement, reduction, and refinement principles for animal welfare considerations, which are supported by increasing mandates to move toward an "animal-free" testing paradigm worldwide. New approach methodologies (NAMs) hold great promise to identify molecular, cellular, and tissue changes that can be used to predict effects reliably and more efficiently at the individual level (and potentially on populations) while reducing the number of animals used in (ec

SUBMITTER: Mitchell CA 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10258674 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature