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SARS-CoV-2 detection and inactivation in water and wastewater: review on analytical methods, limitations and future research recommendations.

ABSTRACT: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in wastewater. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a practical and cost-effective tool for the assessment and controlling of pandemics and probably for examining SARS-CoV-2 presence. Implementation of WBE during the outbreaks is not without limitations. Temperature, suspended solids, pH, and disinfectants affect the stability of viruses in wastewater. Due to these limitations, instruments and techniques have been utilized to detect SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in sewage using various concentration methods and computer-aided analyzes. RT-qPCR, ddRT-PCR, multiplex PCR, RT-LAMP, and electrochemical immunosensors have been employed to detect low levels of viral contamination. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial preventive measure against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To better assess the role of wastewater as a transmission route, detection, and quantification methods need to be refined. In this paper, the latest improvements in quantification, detection, and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater are explained. Finally, limitations and future research recommendations are thoroughly described.

SUBMITTER: Kallem P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10286680 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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SARS-CoV-2 detection and inactivation in water and wastewater: review on analytical methods, limitations and future research recommendations.

Kallem Parashuram P Hegab Hanaa H Alsafar Habiba H Hasan Shadi W SW Banat Fawzi F

Emerging microbes & infections 20231201 2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in wastewater. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a practical and cost-effective tool for the assessment and controlling of pandemics and probably for examining SARS-CoV-2 presence. Implementation of WBE during the outbreaks is not without limitations. Temperature, suspended solids, pH, and disinfectants affect the stability of viruses in wastewater. Due to these limitations, instruments and techniques have been u ...[more]

PMID: 37279167

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Project description:Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a reliable strategy to assess the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Recent publications suggest that SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater is technically feasible; however, many different protocols are available and most of the methods applied have not been properly validated. To this end, different procedures to concentrate and extract inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and surrogates were initially evaluated. Urban wastewater seeded with gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and mengovirus (MgV) was used to test the concentration efficiency of an aluminum-based adsorption-precipitation method and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation protocol. Moreover, two different RNA extraction methods were compared in this study: a commercial manual spin column centrifugation kit and an automated protocol based on magnetic silica beads. Overall, the evaluated concentration methods did not impact the recovery of gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 nor MgV, while extraction methods showed significant differences for PEDV. Mean recovery rates of 42.9 ± 9.5%, 27.5 ± 14.3% and 9.0 ± 2.2% were obtained for gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2, PEDV and MgV, respectively. Limits of detection (LoD95%) for five genomic SARS-CoV-2 targets (N1, N2, gene E, IP2 and IP4) ranged from 1.56 log genome equivalents (ge)/mL (N1) to 2.22 log ge/mL (IP4) when automated system was used; while values ranging between 2.08 (N1) and 2.34 (E) log ge/mL were observed when using column-based extraction method. Different targets were also evaluated in naturally contaminated wastewater samples with 91.2%, 85.3%, 70.6%, 79.4% and 73.5% positivity, for N1, N2, E, IP2 and IP4, respectively. Our benchmarked comparison study suggests that the aluminum precipitation method coupled with the automated nucleic extraction represents a method of acceptable sensitivity to provide readily results of interest for SARS-CoV-2 WBE surveillance.

Project description:Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is the most widely used technique in body composition analysis. When we focus the use of phase sensitive BIA on its raw parameters Resistance (R), Reactance (Xc) and Phase Angle (PhA), we eliminate the bias of using predictive equations based on reference models. In particular PhA, have demonstrated their prognostic utility in multiple aspects of health and disease. In recent years, as a strong association between prognostic and diagnostic factors has been observed, scientific interest in the utility of PhA has increased. In the different fields of knowledge in biomedical research, there are different ways of assessing the impact of a scientific-technical aspect such as PhA. Single frequency with phase detection bioimpedance analysis (SF-BIA) using a 50 kHz single frequency device and tetrapolar wrist-ankle electrode placement is the most widely used bioimpedance approach for characterization of whole-body composition. However, the incorporation of vector representation of raw bioelectrical parameters and direct mathematical calculations without the need for regression equations for the analysis of body compartments has been one of the most important aspects for the development of research in this area. These results provide new evidence for the validity of phase-sensitive bioelectrical measurements as biomarkers of fluid and nutritional status. To enable the development of clinical research that provides consistent results, it is essential to establish appropriate standardization of PhA measurement techniques. Standardization of test protocols will facilitate the diagnosis and assessment of the risk associated with reduced PhA and the evaluation of changes in response to therapeutic interventions. In this paper, we describe and overview the value of PhA in biomedical research, technical and instrumental aspects of PhA research, analysis of Areas of clinical research (cancer patients, digestive and liver diseases, critical and surgical patients, Respiratory, infectious, and COVID-19, obesity and metabolic diseases, Heart and kidney failure, Malnutrition and sarcopenia), characterisation of the different research outcomes, Morphofunctional assessment in disease-related malnutrition and other metabolic disorders: validation of PhA with reference clinical practice techniques, strengths and limitations. Based on the detailed study of the measurement technique, some of the key issues to be considered in future PhA research. On the other hand, it is important to assess the clinical conditions and the phenotype of the patients, as well as to establish a disease-specific clinical profile. The appropriate selection of the most critical outcomes is another fundamental aspect of research.

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Project description:Depression is a major public health problem among youth, currently estimated to affect as many as 9% of US children and adolescents. The recognition that both genes (nature) and environments (nurture) are important for understanding the etiology of depression has led to a rapid growth in research exploring gene-environment interactions (GxE). However, there has been no systematic review of GxE in youth depression to date.The goal of this article was to systematically review evidence on the contribution of GxE to the risk of child and adolescent depression. Through a search of PubMed and PsycINFO databases to 1 April 2010, we identified 20 candidate gene-environment interaction studies focused on depression in youth (up to age 26) and compared each study in terms of the following characteristics: research design and sample studied; measure of depression and environment used; genes explored; and GxE findings in relation to these factors.In total, 80% of studies (n = 16) found at least one significant GxE association. However, there was wide variation in methods and analyses adopted across studies, especially with respect to environmental measures used and tests conducted to estimate GxE. This heterogeneity made it difficult to compare findings and evaluate the strength of the evidence for GxE.The existing body of GxE research on depression in youth contains studies that are conceptually and methodologically quite different, which contributes to mixed findings and makes it difficult to assess the current state of the evidence. To decrease this heterogeneity, we offer 20 recommendations that are focused on: (a) reporting GxE research; (b) testing and reporting GxE effects; (c) conceptualizing, measuring and analyzing depression; (d) conceptualizing, measuring and analyzing environment; (e) increasing power to test for GxE; and (f) improving the quality of genetic data used. Although targeted to GxE research on depression, these recommendations can be adopted by GxE researchers focusing on other mental health outcomes.

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SARS-CoV-2 detection and inactivation in water and wastewater: review on analytical methods, limitations and future research recommendations.

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SARS-CoV-2 detection and inactivation in water and wastewater: review on analytical methods, limitations and future research recommendations.

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