Histology, physiology, and transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling reveal the developmental dynamics of annual shoots in tree peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)
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PROVIDER: S-EPMC10493643 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The origin of cultivated tree peonies, known as the 'king of flowers' in China for more than 1000 years, has attracted considerable interest, but remained unsolved. Here, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of explicitly sampled traditional cultivars of tree peonies and all wild species from the shrubby section Moutan of the genus Paeonia based on sequences of 14 fast-evolved chloroplast regions and 25 presumably single-copy nuclear markers identified from RNA-seq data. The phylogeny of the wild species inferred from the nuclear markers was fully resolved and largely congruent with morphology and classification. The incongruence between the nuclear and chloroplast trees suggested that there had been gene flow between the wild species. The comparison of nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies including cultivars showed that the cultivated tree peonies originated from homoploid hybridization among five wild species. Since the origin, thousands of cultivated varieties have spread worldwide, whereas four parental species are currently endangered or on the verge of extinction. The documentation of extensive homoploid hybridization involved in tree peony domestication provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the origins of garden ornamentals and the way of preserving natural genetic resources through domestication.
| S-EPMC4240985 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Raw sequence reads
| PRJNA490047 | ENA
Project description:Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is a perennial plant indigenous to China known for its elegant and vibrantly colorful flowers. A few genes involved in petal pigmentation have been cloned in tree peony. However, to date, there have been few studies on the comparison and selection of stable reference genes for gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in this species. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were evaluated for the normalization of qRT-PCR in three tree peony cultivars. GAPDH and UBC were identified as the top two most stable reference genes in 'Feng Dan' and 'Xi Shi,' and EF-1α/UBC was recommended to be the best combination for 'Que Hao.' The expression stability of various reference genes differed across cultivars, suggesting that selection and validation of reliable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis was necessary not only for different species but also for different cultivars. The results provided a list of reference genes for further study on gene expression in P. suffruticosa. However, in any case, a preliminary check on the accuracy of the best performing reference genes is requested for each qRT-PCR experiment.
| S-EPMC4838814 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers. However, yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars. The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood. Here, petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars, "High Noon" (yellow flowers) and "Roufurong" (purple-red flowers), were sampled at five developmental stages (S1-S5) from early flower buds to full blooms. Five petal color indices (brightness, redness, yellowness, chroma, and hue angle) and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined. Compared to "Roufurong," which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3-S5, the yellow-colored "High Noon" displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone (THC), flavones, and flavonols but no anthocyanin production. The contents of THC, flavones, and flavonols in "High Noon" peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed, consistent with the color index patterns. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs, PsDFRs, and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in "High Noon," whereas most PsFLSs, PsF3Hs, and PsF3'Hs were upregulated. Five transcription factor (TF) genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in "High Noon." One of these TFs, PsMYB111, was overexpressed in tobacco, which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins. Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS. These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.
| S-EPMC8558324 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. is a famous ornamental and aromatic plant with hundreds of cultivars in China. The objective of this work was to investigate comparative chemical profiles of essential oils and hydrolate extracts from eight P. suffruticosa Andr. cultivars from Central China. The percentages of hydrocarbons in hydrolate extracts (≤1.1%) were significantly lower than those in the essential oils (29.8⁻63.7%). The percentages of oxygenated compounds in hydrolate extracts (98.3⁻99.8%) were significantly higher than those in the essential oils (34.8⁻69.6%). Multivariate analyses with hierarchical clusters and principal components further indicated the chemical differences between essential oils and hydrolate extracts. Due to predominance of oxygenated compounds and almost trace level of hydrocarbons, P. suffruticosa Andr. hydrolate extracts could be good alternatives to the essential oils. Moreover, distribution of major oxygenated compounds in hydrolate extracts varied with cultivars. Hydrolate extracts from 'SHT', 'WLPS' and 'BXT' presented chemotypes of methylated phenols (65.0%), 2-phenylethanol (64.4%) and geraniol + citronellol + nerol (59.9%), respectively. Those from five other cultivars presented somewhat mixed chemotypes. These results were further confirmed by quantitative evaluation relative to the major oxygenated compounds. The outcome of this work will promote applications of P. suffruticosa Andr. hydrolate extracts in fragrances and cosmetics.
| S-EPMC6321490 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHerbochip® technology is a high throughput drug screening platform in a reverse screening manner, in which potential chemical leads in herbal extracts are immobilized and drug target proteins can be used as probes for screening process [BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:146]. While herbal medicines represent an ideal reservoir for drug screenings, here a molecular chaperone GRP78 is demonstrated to serve as a potential target for antiviral drug discovery.MethodsWe cloned and expressed a truncated but fully functional form of human GRP78 (hGRP781-508) and used it as a probe for anti-HBV drug screening on herbochips. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro anti-HBV activity of the herbal extracts were evaluated by MTT and ELISA assays, respectively. Finally, anti-HBV activity was confirmed by in vivo assay using DHBV DNA levels in DHBV-infected ducklings as a model.ResultsPrimary screenings using GRP78 on 40 herbochips revealed 11 positives. Four of the positives, namely Dioscorea bulbifera, Lasiosphaera fenzlii, Paeonia suffruticosa and Polygonum cuspidatum were subjected to subsequent assays. None of the above extracts was cytotoxic to AML12 cells, but P. cuspidatum extract (PCE) was found to be cytotoxic to HepG2 2.2.15 cells. Both PCE and P. suffruticosa extract (PSE) suppressed secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. The anti-HBV activity of PSE was further confirmed in vivo.ConclusionWe have demonstrated that GRP78 is a valid probe for anti-HBV drug screening on herbochips. We have also shown that PSE, while being non-cytotoxic, possesses in vitro and in vivo anti-HBV activities. Taken together, our data suggest that PSE may be a potential anti-HBV agent for therapeutic use.
| S-EPMC5402670 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Woody peony (Paeonia × suffruticosa Andr.) has many cultivars with genetic variances. The flower essential oil is valued in cosmetics and fragrances. This study was to investigate the chemical diversity of essential oils of eleven representative cultivars and their potential target network. Hydro-distillation afforded yields of 0.11-0.25%. Essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID which identified 105 compounds. Three clusters emerged from multivariate analysis, representative of phloroglucinol trimethyl ether ('Caihui'), citronellol ('Jingyu', 'Zhaofen' and 'Baiyuan Zhenghui') and mixed (the rest of the cultivars) chemotypes. 'Zhaofen' and 'Jingyu' also exhibited low levels of other rose-related compounds. The main components were subjected to a target network approach. Drug-likeness screening gave 20 compounds with predictive blood-brain barrier permeation. Compound target network identified six key compounds, namely nerol, citronellol, geraniol, geranic acid, cis-3-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol. Top enriched terms in GO, KEGG and DisGeNET were mostly related to the central nervous system (CNS). Protein-protein interactions revealed a core network of 14 targets, 11 of which were CNS-related (targets for antidepressants, analgesics, antipsychotics, anti-Alzheimer's and anti-Parkinson's agents). This work provides useful information on the production of woody peony essential oils with specific chemotypes and reveals their potential importance in aromatherapy for alternative treatment of CNS disorders.
| S-EPMC9102020 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Phylogenies of Adh1 and Adh2 genes suggest that a widespread Mediterranean peony, Paeonia officinalis, is a homoploid hybrid species between two allotetraploid species, Paeonia peregrina and a member of the Paeonia arietina species group. Three phylogenetically distinct types of Adh sequences have been identified from both accessions of P. officinalis, of which two types are most closely related to the two homoeologous Adh loci of the P. arietina group and the remaining type came from one of the two Adh homoeologs of P. peregrina. The other Adh homoeolog of P. peregrina was apparently lost from the hybrid genome, possibly through backcrossing with the P. arietina group. This is a documentation of homoploid hybrid speciation between allotetraploid species in nature. This study suggests that hybrid speciation between allotetraploids can occur without an intermediate stage of genome diploidization or a further doubling of genome size.
| S-EPMC31153 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains (HHM) is a biodiversity hotspot, and very rich in endemic species. Previous phylogeographical studies proposed different hypotheses (vicariance and climate-driven speciation) in explaining diversification and the observed pattern of extant biodiversity, but it is likely that taxa are forming in this area in species-specific ways. Here, we reexplored the phylogenetic relationship and tested the corresponding hypotheses within Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae composed of one widespread species (Paeonia delavayi) and the other geographically confined species (Paeonia ludlowii). We gathered genetic variation data at three chloroplast DNA fragments and one nuclear gene from 335 individuals of 34 populations sampled from HHM. We performed a combination of population genetic summary statistics, isolation-with-migration divergence models, isolation by environment, and demographic history analyses. We found evidence for the current taxonomic treatment that P. ludlowii and P. delavayi are two different species with significant genetic differentiation. The significant isolation by environment was revealed within all sampled populations but genetic distances only explained by geographical distances within P. delavayi populations. The results of population divergence models and demographic history analyses indicated a progenitor-derivative relationship and the Late Quaternary divergence without gene flow between them. The coalescence of all sampled cpDNA haplotypes could date to the Late Miocene, and P. delavayi populations probably underwent a severe bottleneck in population size during the last glacial period. Genetic variation in Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae is associated with geographical and environmental distances. These findings point to the importance of geological and climatic changes as causes of the speciation event and lineage diversification within Paeonia subsect. Delavayanae.
| S-EPMC7874331 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe complete dormancy release determines the quality of bud break, flowering and fruiting. While in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), the insufficient accumulation of cold temperatures results in incomplete dormancy release and poor flowering quality.ResultsIn order to investigate if phytohormone can replace the chilling requirement in south China and other similar regions, the roles of fluridone (Flu), gibberellin (GA3), and their combination in the bud dormancy release process were analyzed. It demonstrated that the application of exogenous GA3 and the mixture significantly expedited the dormancy release of tree peony at 23℃. Furthermore, the endogenous hormone levels provided evidence for the substantial impact of exogenous GA3 on dormancy release, highlighting its potential involvement in the chilling-independent pathway of dormancy release. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of expression profiles were conducted to identify the crucial genes implicated in the dormancy release mechanism of tree peony. Among numerous genes from diverse gene families, the particularly interesting were TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS-like genes (PsTCP3, PsTCP4, and PsTCP14), which had significant expression levels during the dormancy release process under different treatments. They were divided into two distinct sub-families based on their different domains. Specifically, PsTCP14 was classified under Class I, while PsTCP3 and PsTCP4 were classified under Class II. The analysis of expression patterns revealed a significant accumulation of the three PsTCPs in buds undergoing dormancy release, with clear upregulation observed in response to GA3 and the mixture treatments. Additionally, the analysis of promoter activity demonstrated the sensitivity of PsTCP4 and PsTCP14 to GA3 and Flu.ConclusionThe application of exogenous GA3 has been shown to effectively expedite the release of dormancy in tree peony through a pathway that is not dependent on chilling. Further research found that PsTCP genes might play a crucial role in this process. These findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of PsTCPs in the hormone-mediated and temperature-independent release of bud dormancy in tree peony.
| S-EPMC11917049 | biostudies-literature