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Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases.

ABSTRACT: Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, affect millions of people worldwide. Tremendous efforts have been put into disease-related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membrane structures that arise from the endosomal system or are directly separated from the plasma membrane. EVs contain many biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which can be transferred between different cells, tissues, or organs, thereby regulating cross-organ communication between cells during normal and pathological processes. Recently, EVs have been shown to participate in various aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal secretion and levels of EVs are closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to disease progression. Numerous studies have proposed EVs as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advanced research progress on EVs in the pathological processes of several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we outline the latest research on the roles of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential for the diseases.

SUBMITTER: Li Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10494410 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases.

Li Zhengzhe Z Wang Xiaoling X Wang Xiaoxing X Yi Xiaomei X Wong Yin Kwan YK Wu Jiyang J Xie Fangfang F Hu Die D Wang Qi Q Wang Jigang J Zhong Tianyu T

Translational neurodegeneration 20230911 1

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, affect millions of people worldwide. Tremendous efforts have been put into disease-related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membrane structures that arise from the endosomal system or are directly separated from the plasma membrane. EVs contain many ...[more]

PMID: 37697342

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Project description:Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types and contain proteins, microRNAs, mRNAs, and other bioactive molecules. Extracellular vesicles play an important role in intercellular communication and in the modulation of the immune system and neuroinflammation. The cargo of extracellular vesicles (e.g., proteins and microRNAs) is altered in pathological situations. Extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of many pathologies associated with sustained inflammation and neuroinflammation, including cancer, diabetes, hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy, and other neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Extracellular vesicles may cross the blood-brain barrier and transfer pathological signals from the periphery to the brain. This contributes to inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive and motor impairment in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy and in neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms involved are beginning to be understood. For example, increased tumor necrosis factor α in extracellular vesicles from plasma of hyperammonemic rats induces neuroinflammation and motor impairment when injected into normal rats. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases will help to develop new treatments and diagnostic tools for their easy and early detection. In contrast, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic utility in many of the above pathologies, by reducing inflammation and neuroinflammation and improving cognitive and motor function. These extracellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells and have advantages as therapeutic tools: they are less immunogenic, may not differentiate to malignant cells, cross the blood-brain barrier, and may reach more easily target organs. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells have beneficial effects in models of ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, hyperammonemia, and hepatic encephalopathy. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the immune system, promoting the shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. For example, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells modulate the Th17/Treg balance, promoting the anti-inflammatory Treg. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells may also act directly in the brain to modulate microglia activation, promoting a shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive and motor function. Two main components of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells which contribute to these beneficial effects are transforming growth factor-β and miR-124. Identifying the mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells induce the beneficial effects and the main molecules (e.g., proteins and mRNAs) involved may help to improve their therapeutic utility. The aims of this review are to summarize the knowledge of the pathological effects of extracellular vesicles in different pathologies, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells to recover cognitive and motor function and the molecular mechanisms for these beneficial effects on neurological function.

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Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases.

Publications

Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases.

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