ABSTRACT: Cancerous cells display metabolic engineering through enhanced utilization of nutrients to support their increased requirements for proliferation, bioenergetics, biosynthesis, redox homeostasis, and cell signaling. To investigate the extent to which malignant cells rely on glycolysis and glutaminolysis, the effects of differential deprivation of nutrients such as d-glucose, l-glutamine, and pyruvate on proliferation, morphology, cell cycle, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, autophagic vacuole formation, and migration in MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa cells were investigated in this study. Cell viability assay, cell morphology, and ATP assay showed higher dependence of MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells on glucose and glutamine, respectively, for cell survival, growth, ATP production, and pro
