A liquid metal-fluoropolymer artificial protective film enables robust lithium metal batteries at sub-zero temperatures.

ABSTRACT: Batteries that are both high-energy-density and durable at sub-zero temperatures are highly desirable for deep space and subsea exploration and military defense applications. Our design incorporates a casting membrane technology to prepare a gallium indium liquid metal (LM)/fluoropolymer hybrid protective film on a lithium metal anode. The LM not only spontaneously forms a passivation alloy layer with lithium but also reduces the nucleation potential barrier and homogenizes the Li⁺ flux on the surface of the lithium anode. The fluoropolymer's polar functional groups (-C-F-) effectively induce targeted dispersion of gallium indium seeds, and the unique pit structure on the surface provides oriented sites for lithium plating. By implementing these strategies optimally, the protect

SUBMITTER: Li H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10530669 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature