Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.

ABSTRACT: Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease. This risk is completely eliminated with recombinant protein or subunit vaccines, which are atoxic and non-infectious. However, these vaccines require adjuvants and often significant optimization to induce robust T-cell responses and long-lasting immune memory. Some pathogens produce protein toxins

SUBMITTER: Gupta S 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10536331 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature