Subjective and objective measures of visual awareness converge
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kiefer M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10547206 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients' risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that discrepancies can occur between subjective data regarding sleep disturbances and the impact of insomnia and objective assays, and surrogate markers of sleep and sleep disturbances. Both objective and subjective measures should be incorporated into clinic studies. It seems likely that sleep quality is represented by a combination of more than one subjective sleep parameter. Objective and subjective assessments of sleep quality may relate to different parameters. Future studies incorporated both subjective and objective measures could help to address the sleep disorders.
| S-EPMC5550587 | biostudies-other
Project description:Occupants' perception of a space depends on their experience [1], [2], [3]. Four kinds of visiting experiences were carried out inside the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa [4]. The museum is housed, together with the National Museum of the Charterhouse [5], inside the Monumental Charterhouse of Calci, near Pisa. Four of the permanent exhibition halls of the Museum were selected for the survey: Historical Gallery, Mammal's Hall, Ungulates' Gallery and Cetaceans' Gallery. A total of 117 participants were divided into four groups depending on their visiting experience: real-life, or virtual based respectively on videos, photos or computer-generated photorealistic images (renders). Experiences are compared. The comparison comprehends objective data (measured illuminance levels) and subjective data (questionnaire outcomes on the perception of the space). The illuminance levels were measured using a photoradiometer: datalogger Delta Ohm HD2102.2 equipped with LP 471 PHOT probe. The probe was placed 1.20 m above floor level, and it was set to measure vertical illuminance at 10 seconds intervals. To evaluate participants' perception of the space questionnaires were used. The presented data refer to the article: "Perception of light in museum environments: comparison between real-life and virtual visual experiences" [1]. This kind of data provides a base to assess if virtual kinds of experience can be implemented in museum environments as an alternative to the real-life experience, and to understand if such an implementation is detrimental or not in terms of participants' perception of the space. Virtual experiences can be particularly useful for spreading culture, making it accessible even in presence of moving restrictions for people, such as those in force today due to the SARS-CoV-2 emergency.
| S-EPMC9984431 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Two experiments used subjective and objective measures to study the automaticity and primacy of auditory streaming. Listeners heard sequences of "ABA-" triplets, where "A" and "B" were tones of different frequencies and "-" was a silent gap. Segregation was more frequently reported, and rhythmically deviant triplets less well detected, for a greater between-tone frequency separation and later in the sequence. In Experiment 1, performing a competing auditory task for the first part of the sequence led to a reduction in subsequent streaming compared to when the tones were attended throughout. This is consistent with focused attention promoting streaming, and/or with attention switches resetting it. However, the proportion of segregated reports increased more rapidly following a switch than at the start of a sequence, indicating that some streaming occurred automatically. Modeling ruled out a simple "covert attention" account of this finding. Experiment 2 required listeners to perform subjective and objective tasks concurrently. It revealed superior performance during integrated compared to segregated reports, beyond that explained by the codependence of the two measures on stimulus parameters. We argue that listeners have limited access to low-level stimulus representations once perceptual organization has occurred, and that subjective and objective streaming measures partly index the same processes.
| S-EPMC4763253 | biostudies-other
Project description:PurposeThe objective measurement of binocular accommodation remains a challenge. The dynamic stimulation aberrometry (DSA) system uses wavefront measurements to dynamically assess accommodation. In this study, we sought to introduce this method in a large number of patients of varying age and compared it with the subjective push-up method as well as the historical results of Duane.DesignThis study is an evaluation of diagnostic technology.SubjectsNinety-one patients aged 20 to 67 years (70 healthy, phakic eyes and 21 myopic eyes after phakic intraocular lens implantation) were enrolled at a tertiary eye hospital.MethodsAll patients underwent DSA measurements; the accommodative amplitude of 13 patients chosen at random was additionally examined using the subjective push-up method introduced by Duane. DSA measurements were also compared with Duane's historical results.Main outcome measuresAccommodative amplitude, dynamic parameters of accommodation, and near pupil motility.ResultsDynamic stimulation aberrometry allowed objective measurement of binocular accommodation, which decreased with age (e.g., 30-39 years vs. > 50 years; 3.8 ± 0.9 diopters [D] and 0.1 ± 0.4 D, respectively). Dynamic parameters, such as time delay of the commencement of accommodation after near target presentation, increased with age (0.26 ± 0.14 seconds for 20-30 years vs. 0.43 ± 0.15 seconds for 40-50 years, P = 0.0002). The objective accommodative amplitude was significantly smaller than Duane's historic results (P = 0.001) as well as the subjective push-up method. Dynamic stimulation aberrometry records pupil motility dynamically in parallel to wavefront measurements. Maximum pupil motility during accommodation significantly decreased with age (P = 0.0002). Maximum pupillary speed did not correlate significantly with age.ConclusionsDynamic stimulation aberrometry allows objective, dynamic, binocular measurement of accommodation and pupil motility with high time resolution in subjects with accommodative amplitudes up to 7 D. This article introduces the method in a large study population and may serve as a control for further studies.Financial disclosuresProprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
| S-EPMC10213099 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Advances in wearable technology allow for the objective assessment of motor performance in both in-home and in-clinic environments and were used to explore motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aims of this study were to: 1) assess differences between in-clinic and in-home gait speed, and sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit duration in PD patients (in comparison with healthy controls); and 2) determine the objective physical activity measures, including gait, postural balance, instrumented Timed-up-and-go (iTUG), and in-home spontaneous physical activity (SPA), with the highest correlation with subjective/semi-objective measures, including health survey, fall history (fallers vs. non-fallers), fear of falling, pain, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and PD stage (Hoehn and Yahr). Objective assessments of motor performance were made by measuring physical activities in the same sample of PD patients (n = 15, Age: 71.2±6.3 years) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 35, Age: 71.9±3.8 years). The association between in-clinic and in-home parameters, and between objective parameters and subjective/semi-objective evaluations in the PD group was assessed using linear regression-analysis of variance models and reported as Pearson correlations (R). Both in-home SPA and in-clinic assessments demonstrated strong discriminatory power in detecting impaired motor function in PD. However, mean effect size (0.94±0.37) for in-home measures was smaller compared to in-clinic assessments (1.30±0.34) for parameters that were significantly different between PD and healthy groups. No significant correlation was observed between identical in-clinic and in-home parameters in the PD group (R = 0.10-0.25; p>0.40), while the healthy showed stronger correlation in gait speed, sit-to-stand duration, and stand-to-sit duration (R = 0.36-0.56; p<0.03). This suggests a better correlation between supervised and unsupervised motor function assessments in healthy controls compared to PD group. In the PD group, parameters related to velocity and range-of-motion of lower extremity within gait assessment (R = 0.58-0.84), and turning duration and velocity within iTUG test (R = 0.62-0.77) demonstrated strong correlations with PD stage (p<0.01).
| S-EPMC4409065 | biostudies-other
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC6395043 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is associated with marked cognitive impairment, research on metacognition in adult ADHD is scarce. Deficits in metacognition may have a negative impact on treatment adherence, functional outcomes, and everyday life. This study explores metacognition, specifically self-awareness of cognitive performance, in adults with ADHD by combining objective and subjective assessments. Forty-seven patients with ADHD and 47 control individuals completed a neuropsychological assessment battery including tests for attention, executive functions and memory (objective assessment), as well as questionnaires for cognitive functioning and symptom severity (subjective assessment; self- and informant-report). Participants evaluated their test performance of the objective assessment after test completion by selecting a percentile rank which was subtracted from their normed test result, yielding a discrepancy score. Compared to controls, adults with ADHD showed impairments in attention (medium effects) and memory (small and medium effects), but not in executive functions. The discrepancy scores between self-evaluation and cognitive performance revealed deficits in self-awareness of attentional functions (small effects), but not in executive functions and memory in patients with ADHD compared to controls. Discrepancy scores between self- and informant-reports of cognitive functioning revealed no significant differences. Adults with ADHD show impairments in metacognition in attentional functions, but may have intact metacognitive abilities in other domains. Patients with ADHD tend to overestimate their abilities, especially in attentional functions. Subjective and objective measures of metacognition may not correspond, highlighting the need for clinicians to not solely rely on patients' self-report in their assessment.
| S-EPMC8295131 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMonitoring athlete well-being is essential to guide training and to detect any progression towards negative health outcomes and associated poor performance. Objective (performance, physiological, biochemical) and subjective measures are all options for athlete monitoring.ObjectiveWe systematically reviewed objective and subjective measures of athlete well-being. Objective measures, including those taken at rest (eg, blood markers, heart rate) and during exercise (eg, oxygen consumption, heart rate response), were compared against subjective measures (eg, mood, perceived stress). All measures were also evaluated for their response to acute and chronic training load.MethodsThe databases Academic search complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and PubMed were searched in May 2014. Fifty-six original studies reported concurrent subjective and objective measures of athlete well-being. The quality and strength of findings of each study were evaluated to determine overall levels of evidence.ResultsSubjective and objective measures of athlete well-being generally did not correlate. Subjective measures reflected acute and chronic training loads with superior sensitivity and consistency than objective measures. Subjective well-being was typically impaired with an acute increase in training load, and also with chronic training, while an acute decrease in training load improved subjective well-being.SummaryThis review provides further support for practitioners to use subjective measures to monitor changes in athlete well-being in response to training. Subjective measures may stand alone, or be incorporated into a mixed methods approach to athlete monitoring, as is current practice in many sport settings.
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Project description:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most prevalent childhood disorders today, is generally more likely to be diagnosed and treated in boys than in girls. However, gender differences in ADHD are currently poorly understood, partly because previous research included only a limited proportion of girls and relied mainly on subjective measures of ADHD, which are highly vulnerable to reporter's bias. To further examine gender differences in ADHD and to address some of the shortcomings of previous studies, this study examined gender differences in subjective and objective measures of ADHD among clinic-referred children with ADHD. Participants were 204 children aged 6-17 years-old with ADHD (129 boys, 75 girls). A retrospective analysis was conducted using records of a clinical database. Obtained data included parent and teacher forms of the Conners ADHD rating scales, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and child's continuous performance test (CPT) scores. Results showed that according to parents' and teachers' reports of ADHD-related symptoms (Conners ADHD rating scales), girls had more inattention problems than boys, but no differences were identified in the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms. CPT data, however, revealed higher impulsivity among boys. We did not find gender differences in the level of distractibility during CPT performance. Specifically, the effects of distractors type (visual environmental stimuli, auditory stimuli, or a combination of them) and distractors load (one or two distracting stimuli at a time) on CPT performance did not differ between boys and girls with ADHD. These findings suggest that gender effects on ADHD symptoms may differ between subjective and objective measures. Understanding gender differences in ADHD may lead to improved identification of girls with the disorder, helping to reduce the gender gap in diagnosis and treatment.
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Project description:This study aimed to investigate what characterizes individuals with schizophrenia who experience more or less subjective executive dysfunction in everyday life compared to objective executive performance on neuropsychological tests. Sixty-six participants with broad schizophrenia spectrum disorders completed a comprehensive assessment of executive function. Discrepancies between performance on neuropsychological tests (objective) and an extensive self-report questionnaire (subjective) of central executive functions (inhibition, shifting and working memory) were calculated. Higher level of self-efficacy was the best predictor of experiencing fewer subjective cognitive complaints compared to objective performance, followed by higher levels of disorganized symptoms. Depressive symptoms did not predict discrepancy between subjective and objective executive function. Higher estimated IQ predicted greater subjective working memory difficulties in everyday life despite better objective performance. Results may aid clinicians in the assessment and remediation of cognitive impairment. Low self-efficacy may identify individuals who are not able to utilize their potential executive functions in daily life. Interventions aimed at fostering self-efficacy ought to be included in cognitive remediation for these individuals. Disorganized symptoms could prove useful in identifying individuals who are in need of cognitive remediation for executive dysfunction, despite that they overestimate their skills. These individuals may benefit from efforts to increase insight into cognitive dysfunction.
| S-EPMC8217703 | biostudies-literature