Local extracellular K<sup>+</sup> in cortex regulates norepinephrine levels, network state, and behavioral output.
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ABSTRACT: Extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]e) is known to increase as a function of arousal. [K+]e is also a potent modulator of transmitter release. Yet, it is not known whether [K+]e is involved in the neuromodulator release associated with behavioral transitions. We here show that manipulating [K+]e controls the local release of monoaminergic neuromodulators, including norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and dopamine. Imposing a [K+]e increase is adequate to boost local NE levels, and conversely, lowering [K+]e can attenuate local NE. Electroencephalography analysis and behavioral assays revealed that manipulation of cortical [K+]e was suf
SUBMITTER: Dietz AG
PROVIDER: S-EPMC10556678 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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